Art analyze Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art analyze - Assignment Example The old building has a large door and a fleet of staircase heading to the large door, which suggests a warehouse. In addition, the "Lane with Poplar Trees" by Van Gogh depicts the image of a man standing on a lane with Poplar trees at sunset. The poplar trees are seemingly handy with no leaves, which suggest drought or a dry season. The poplar trees line the lane in a defined pattern heading to a far distance, which manifest the unending tribulations of the dry season. Moreover, the man stands in the middle of the lane in a desperate posture, which depicts the hopelessness at the time. The trees and the grass on the sides are standing still showing the stagnant nature of life in this season. Denotative description refers to the translation of an image to its literal meaning (Bedford, 2014). On the other hand, a connotative description is a symbolic translation of an image to its implied meaning (Bedford, 2014). In this context, we seek to give the denotative and connotative meaning of the Royal Media advertisement image. The denotative description of the Royal Media advertisement image is the word LEGO enclosed in a brown board. The letters are in white and the boundary of word is in black. The brown board propels in the sky. On the other hand, the connotative description of the Royal Media advertisement image, LEGO is a dominant line of construction toys manufactured by The Lego Group. Notably, the LEGO is a private company with its headquarters in Billund, Denmark. An icon may refer to an image that represents an exclusive object, a sacred Christian personage, or a religious piece of art. An icon stands for an object that relates to religious, economic, cultural, or political setting. I think the image below is an icon representing a religious personage, which has a symbolic meaning to many people (Sturken & Cartwright, 2001). The Russian icon of Holy Trinity, which Russian painter Andrei Rublev

Nursing And Diabetes Essay Example for Free

Nursing And Diabetes Essay Patients with diabetes need to understand what diabetes is. Patients who understand what diabetes is and the complicated process associated with the disease are more likely to comply with the prescribed regimen. Diabetes Mellitus is a syndrome with disordered metabolism and inappropriate hyperglycemia due to either a deficiency of insulin secretion or to a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to compensate (Davis, 2001). Diabetes is a chronic progressive disease that requires lifestyle changes, especially in the areas of nutrition and physical activity. The overall goal of medical and nutritional therapy is to assist persons with diabetes in making self-directed behavioral changes that will improve their overall health (Franz, 2012). Blood glucose monitoring and goals of blood glucose monitoring Testing blood glucose levels pre-meal and post-meal can help the patient with diabetes make better food choices, based on how their bodies are responding to specific foods. Patients should be taught specific directions for obtaining an adequate blood sample and what to do with the numbers that they receive. Research has found that patients who have had education on the use of their meters and how to interpret the data are more likely to perform self-blood glucose monitoring on a regular basis (Franz, 2012). There are many different glucose monitors available for patients. The patient needs to have a device that is easy for them to use and convenient. A patient’s visual acuity and dexterity skills should be assessed prior to selecting a blood glucose monitoring device. A device is usually selected to meet the patient’s needs in collaboration with a diabetic educator at a health care facility. The patient needs to be reminded to record the blood glucose values on a log sheet with the date and time and any associated signs and symptoms that he/she is experiencing at the time the specimen was obtained. This log should be shared with his/her primary care practitioner. A discussion of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) should include the reasons for doing the test, how it is performed and how the health care practitioner will interpret the data. These laboratory tests are ordered on a routine basis along with other laboratory tests that are being monitored for the patient. A simple method to describe the HbA1c is to tell the patient that the test measures the amount of sugar that attaches to the protein in the red blood cell. The test shows the average blood sugar during the last three months. The higher the blood sugar the higher the HbA1c. The high blood sugar over a long period of time causes damage to the large and small blood vessels therefore increasing the risk of complications from diabetes. Medications and Insulin The patient with diabetes needs to be reminded that the addition of medications to help manage his/her diabetes is not because they are failing at diet management. Many patients with diabetes become depressed or despondent when they have to begin taking oral hyperglycemic medications and/or insulin. The teaching session should include a review of the different types of oral diabetic agents. A review of the different types of insulins and how to mix insulins should also be discussed. Teach the patient about self-administration of insulin or oral agents as prescribed, and the importance of taking medications exactly as prescribed, in the appropriate dose (Davis, 2001). Patients should be provided with a list of signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia and actions to take in each situation. Complications from Diabetes The teaching regarding the complications encountered from diabetes should stress the effect of blood glucose control on long-term health (McGovern, 2002). The patient should be taught how to manage their diabetes when he/she has a minor illness, such as a cold, flu or gastrointestinal virus. The patient should also be taught how to watch for diabetic effects on the cardiovascular system, such as cerebrovascular incidents/stroke, coronary artery disease, and peripheral vascular disease. Patients should be taught how to be alert for signs of urinary tract, respiratory tract infections and signs of renal disease. Assessment for signs of diabetic neuropathy should also be included in the teaching plan. Diabetes is the leading cause of death by disease in the United States, it also is a contributing factor in about 50% of myocardial infarctions and about 75% of strokes as well as renal failure and peripheral vascular disease. Diabetes is also the leading cause of new blindness (McGovern, 2002). Patients with diabetes should also receive education on the importance of smoking cessation, cholesterol and lipid management, blood pressure monitoring and management and management of other disease processes. Skin and Foot Care Teach the patient to care for his feet by washing them daily, drying them carefully particularly between the toes, and inspecting for corns, calluses, redness, swelling, bruises, blisters, and breaks in the skin. The patient should be encouraged to report any changes to his/her health care provider as soon as possible. Advise the patient to wear non-constricting shoes and to avoid walking barefoot. The patient may use over-the-counter athlete’s foot remedies to cure foot fungal infections and should be encouraged to call their health care provider if the athlete’s foot doesn’t improve (McGovern, 2002). The patient should be reminded that he/she needs to treat all injuries, cuts and blisters particularly on the legs or feet carefully. Patients should be aware that foot problems are a common problem for patients with diabetes. Informing them of what to look for is an important teaching concern. The signs and symptoms of foot problems to emphasize are: feet that are cold, blue or black in color, feet that are warm and red in color, foot swelling, foot pain when resting or with activity, weak pulses in the feet, not feeling pain although there is a cut or sore on the foot, shiny smooth skin on the feet and lower legs Exercise and Diabetes A moderate weight loss of ten to twenty pounds has been known to improve hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The target goal for body weight for patients with diabetes is based on a reasonable or healthy body weight. â€Å"Reasonable body weight is the weight an individual and health care professional acknowledge as achievable and maintainable, both short-term and long-term (Franz, 2012, p.8).† More emphasis is now placed on waist circumference, rather than on actual weight. A waist circumference greater than 40 inches in men and greater than 35 inches in women indicates a risk for metabolic disease. This is now part of what is referred to as metabolic syndrome. Reducing abdominal fat improves insulin sensitivity as well as lipid profiles. The benefits from exercise result from regular, long term, and aerobic exercise. Exercise used to increase muscle strength is an important means of preserving and increasing muscular strength and endurance and is useful in helping to prevent falls and increase mobility among the elderly (Franz, 2012). Regular exercise can improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system, improve strength and flexibility, improve lipid levels, improve glycemic control, help decrease weight, and improve quality of life and self-esteem. Exercise increases the cellular glucose uptake by increasing the number of cell receptors. The following points should be considered in educating patients regarding beginning an exercise program. Exercise program must be individualized and built up slowly. Insulin is more rapidly absorbed when injected into a limb that is exercised, therefore can result in hypoglycemia (Ferri, 1999). Patients need to be informed that exercise of a high intensity can also cause blood glucose levels to be higher after exercise than before, even though blood glucose levels are in the normal range before beginning exercise. This hyperglycemia can also extend into the post-exercise state and is mediated by the counter-regulatory hormones (Franz, 2012, p. 62). The exercise program should include a five to ten minute warm-up and cool-down session. The warm-up increases core body temperature and prevents muscle injury and the cool-down session prevents blood pooling in the extremities and facilitates removal of metabolic by-products. Research studies show there are similar cardiorespiratory benefits that occur when activity is done in shorter sessions, (approximately 10 minutes) accumulated throughout the day than in activity sessions of prolonged sessions (greater than 30 minutes) (Franz, 2012). This is an important factor to emphasize with patients who don’t think they have the time and energy for exercise. Diet and Diabetes The American Diabetes Association (ADA) has established nutritional guidelines for patients with diabetes. Their focus is on achieving optimal metabolic outcomes related to glycemia, lipid profiles, and blood pressure levels. Patients with diabetes need to maintain a healthy diet consisting of multiple servings of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, fish, lean meats, and poultry (Franz, 2012). The exchange diet of the ADA includes protein, bread, fruit, milk, and low and intermediate carbohydrate vegetables (Ferri, 1999). The food/meal plan is based on the individual’s appetite, preferred foods, and usual schedule of food intake and activities, and cultural preferences. Determination of caloric needs varies considerably among individuals, and is based on present weight and current level of energy. Required calories are about 40 kcal/kg or 20 kcal/lb per day for adults with normal activity patterns (Davis, 2001). Emphasis should also be placed on maintaining a consistent day-to-day carbohydrate intake at meals and snacks. It is the carbohydrates that have the greatest impact on glycemia. â€Å"A number of factors influence glycemic responses to foods, including the amount of carbohydrate, nature of the monosaccharide components, nature of the starch, cooking and food processing, and other food components (Franz, 2012, p.13).† Maintaining a food diary can help identify areas of weaknesses and how to prepare better menu plans. Recommendations for fiber intake are the same for patients with diabetes as for the general population. It is recommended that they increase the amount of fiber to approximately 50 grams per day in their diet. Insoluble and soluble globular fiber delay glucose absorption and attenuate the postprandial serum glucose peak, they also help to lower the elevated triglyceride levels often present in uncontrolled diabetes (Ferri, 1999). The discussion of diet management should also include a discussion of alcohol intake. Precautions regarding the use of alcohol that apply to the general public also apply to people with diabetes. Abstaining from alcohol should be advised for people with a history of alcohol abuse, during pregnancy, and for people with other medical conditions such as pancreatitis, advanced neuropathy, and elevated triglycerides. The effects of alcohol on blood glucose levels is dependent on the amount of alcohol ingested as well as the relationship to food intake. Because alcohol cannot be used as a source of glucose, hypoglycemia can result when alcohol is ingested without food. The hypoglycemia can persist from eight to twelve hours after the last drink of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested in moderation and with food, blood glucose levels are not affected by the ingestion of moderate amounts of alcohol. If the patient plans to consume alcoholic beverages they are to be included in the meal plan. The patient should be reminded that no food should be omitted because of the possibility of alcohol induced hypoglycemia (Franz, 2012). Coping with Diabetes The patient needs to understand that the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus as with any chronic illness can be unexpected and potentially devastating. Grief is the most common reaction of an individual diagnosed with diabetes. Resolution of the grief is dependent on variables such as education, economics, geography, and religious and cultural factors. The support of family and friends affects the long-term acceptance of the disease progression. Patients need to be aware that depression is common with chronic diseases such as diabetes. The depression should be recognized and treated as soon as possible since depression can affect glycemic control and complicate the management of the diabetes (Buttaro, 2008). The patient needs to understand that diabetes is a lifelong disease process that requires a lifetime commitment and lifestyle changes. The patient should be educated about empowerment – having the resources and knowing how and when to use them. The skills of empowerment that help the patient reflect on life satisfaction in the following areas: physical, mental, spiritual, family related, social, work related, financial, personal. The patient should be encouraged to establish goals which emphasize at least two of these areas in which he/she has control. In the session of coping with diabetes the patient should be assisted to develop better problem solving skills, which are necessary to manage a life-long disease such as diabetes. Coping with diabetes should also include stress management concepts. Stress management concepts should include: a definition of stress, the body’s reaction to stress, the effects of stress on diabetes management, identifying stressors, identifying methods of coping, relaxation exercises and identifying support systems to tap into. Management of the disease process should include eliminating or minimizing other cardiovascular risk factors for example blood pressure control, lipid control, and smoking cessation. Patients with diabetes should also be instructed on what to do when they become sick with a cold, flu, gastrointestinal virus, or other minor illness. They need to be aware that these minor illnesses can affect their diabetes and blood glucose levels (McGovern, 2002). Instruction on what to do when they become ill and the importance of continuing to take their diabetes medications and/or insulin and other general care should be discussed. Some basic guidelines for management during an illness or sick-day include maintain adequate hydration because of the risk of dehydration from decreased fluid intake, polyuria, vomiting, diarrhea, and evaporative losses from fever. Patient should be instructed to drink at least eight ounces of calorie free liquids every hour while they are awake. The beverages should be caffeine-free, since caffeine acts as a diuretic and can actually increase the chances of hypovolemia. If the patient is unable to tolerate fluids by mouth, antiemetic suppositories or intravenous fluids may be required. Vomiting that is persistent and intractable may require emergency room care. The patient should be encouraged to perform blood glucose monitoring more frequently while he/she is ill and to initiate urine ketone monitoring with urine dipsticks, during the illness (Franz, 2012). The patient should be instructed to continue taking his/her insulin and/or oral antidiabetic agents while ill and even when unable to eat. The omission of insulin is a common cause of ketosis and can result in a serious condition called diabetic ketoacidosis. The patient should be given a list of foods that contain fast acting carbohydrates that they can consume when they experience signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. Patients should be encouraged to seek regular ophthalmologic examinations to detect for diabetic retinopathy. Regular dental examinations should also be encouraged to evaluate to potential areas that can become infected and possible oral lesions. Summary The teaching program for the patients with diabetes is designed to be held for six sessions. However, the sessions can be lengthened or shortened to meet the needs of the intended audience. These two to three hour sessions allow the patient to absorb the material that is being taught and to be able to ask questions. The learning needs are focused on managing their glucose levels and preventing complications of diabetes. The patient needs to be educated on the multiple disease processes associated with diabetes and the factors affecting each of these areas. The patient also needs to have the knowledge of how to manage their diabetes when they are ill and warning signs that they are hypo/hyperglycemic. Diabetic patients should be advised to contact their health care provider any time they are unsure what to do or have questions on how to manage their disease. There are many teaching handouts and pamphlets that are available free of charge from the various agencies. These handouts are available on a wide variety of subjects that can be used with the teaching plan. The evaluation criteria for the teaching plan would include an evaluation tool in which the patients could complete anonymously at the end of the program. References Buttaro, T.M., Trybulski, J., Bailey, P.P., Sandberg-Cook, J. (2008). Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice, 3rd. Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby, Inc. NO Davis, A. (2001). Adult Nurse Practitioner: Certification Review. Philadelphia, PA; Mosby, Inc. Ferri, F. (2012). Clinical Advisor: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby, Inc. NO Franz, M. (Ed.) (2001). Diabetes Management Therapies: A Core Curriculum for Diabetes Education. 4th Edition. Chicago, IL: American Association of Diabetes Educators. Franz, M. (2012). American Diabetes Association Guide to Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes, 2nd Edition. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. Herfindal, E. and Gourley D. (2000). Textbook of Therapeutics: Drug and Disease Management. Seventh Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. NO McGovern, K., Devlin, M., Lange, E., and Mann, N. (Eds.) (2002). Disease Management for Nurse Practitioners. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation.

Is AIDS taking over the world? :: Free AIDS Essays

Is AIDS taking over the world? A disease is an abnormality of an animal or plant, caused by a pathogenic organism. Therefore, disease resistance is the ability to withstand the attack of these pathogens and remain virtually unaffected. The disease may be infectious (communicable), caused by invading organisms that live parasitically on or within the body. The disease causing organisms include viruses, some bacteria and certain other organisms that may be passed from person to person – e.g. Plasmodium that causes malaria. Other types of communicable disorders are fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. The alternative type of disease to the contagious sorts above, are non-communicable disorders, which are not infectious. These can be caused by unfavourable environmental conditions. Cancer, allergies, genetic diseases and mental disorders all fall into this category. AIDS is a viral infection, caused by an RNA retrovirus. A virus consists of a strand of nucleic acid (in this case RNA), wrapped in a capsid (a protein coat). The AIDS virus has an external envelope, made of lipid and protein. This envelope is derived from the cell membrane of the host cell in which the virus replicated. The virus contains reverse transcriptase enzyme. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; meaning that one is able to catch it, it is a weakness in the body’s system that fights diseases, and is a group of health problems that makes up a disease. A virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) causes AIDS. If the body is effected, it will try to fight the infection. The immune system will produce antibodies, which are special molecules in the blood with the function to attack foreign bacteria or viruses. They attack antigens in a number of ways, by: making them clump together, neutralising the toxins released, reacting with the bacterial cells so as to ensure attachment to the phagocytes, and also damaging the cell wall using hydrogen peroxide.7 The HIV virus is passed from one person to another via blood-to-blood or sexual contact. In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their babies during pregnancy or delivery, as well as through breast-feeding. The virus is transmitted in body fluids: blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk and other blood containing fluids have all been proven to carry spread the virus. By killing or impairing cells of the immune system, HIV progressively destroys the body’s ability to fight infections and certain cancers.

The Originality of Levinas: Pre-Originally Categorizing the Ego :: Philosophy Essays

The Originality of Levinas: Pre-Originally Categorizing the Ego ABSTRACT: Levinas depicts a pluralism of subjectivity older than consciousness and self-consciousness. He repudiates Heidegger's notion of solitude in order to explore the implications of the Husserlian pure I outside the subject. A hidden Good constitutes the Other in the self: a diremption not at the expense of the unity of the self. Levinas stands with Nietzsche on the side of life which requires and is capable of no justification whatsoever. But for Levinas the totality is ruptured by the thought that there is a unity of self undiminished by its immemorial responsibility for the Other, a unity of self beyond totality. This self containing the Other is the transcendence of the Ego otherwise immanent in Husserl's pure intentionality. Just here Levinas' thought is most perfectly distinguished from Sartre's notion of the transcendence of the Ego as complete exclusion from the immanence of intentionality. The pure I is otherwise than the Hegelian absolute Elastizità ¤t: incarnate and inspirited, the "self tight in its own skin." The transubstantiation of Ego to Other has not yet occurred to thought in Levinas, but what does occur here is the altersubstantiation of the I. The Other in the Same is an alteration of essence. It is precisely through thinking the contraction of [the modern] essence [of consciousness] that Levinas thinks otherwise than being, beyond essence, thinks "a thought profounder and 'older' than the cogito." Humanity signifies a "new image" of the Infinite in the preoriginary freedom by which the Self shows the Other mercy. The curve on the hither side of consciousness is 'a concave without a convex': the cuspidal infinity of interiority turned absolutely inside outside the other within: an interiority without walls, infinitely exposed. Then straight is the highway between the cusps of this absolutely inverted consciousness — better than consciousness — transcending the original curvature of consciousness and self-consciousness. This one-way straightaway is the immemorial contact of self and other. It is the absolute proximity which is the approach, without return, from the self to the other . This is the approach — without method — before any notion of reciprocity and reflective or pre-reflective consciousness. This love or non-indifference prior to all conscious differentiation, this possibility of being for-one-another is the responsibility of the self to do for the Other. The indispensability of the flesh to this turning of the self to the Other signifies the excellence whereby the human transcends the angelic.

Introduction of Sociology Essay

1. I think that sociologist should try to reform society, based on what they have studied about sociology. Because the main job of those sociologists is to study and research about the society and the human behavior, they are the ones who understand it the best. As a result, they should reform it, not others. 2. If I were a sociologist, I would use all of sociological perspectives, because each perspective has its own advantage and disadvantage. * Symbolic Interactionism: According to the symbolic interaction’s perspective, people attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols. Conversation is an interaction of symbols between individuals who constantly interpret the world around them. Of course, anything can serve as a symbol as long as it refers to something beyond itself. However, with the example about applying Symbolic Interactionism to U.S. marriages and divorces over time, this perspective just shows the sligh ting the influence of social forces and institutions on individual interactions. * Functional Analysis (Functionalism, and structural functionalism) each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society’s functioning as a whole. This basic approach can be applied to any social group, whether an entire society, a college, or even a group as small as a family. Nevertheless, when any social group loses function, functionalism does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment. * Conflict Theory: conflict theorists stress that society is composed of group that are competing with one another for scarce resources. However, with the example about Feminist, the conflict perspective shows that women are more powerful in making headway in their historical struggle with men. As the result, the combination of 3 perspectives is the best sociological perspective I would use.

Alcohol Marketing and Advertising Essay Example

Alcohol Marketing and Advertising Essay Example Alcohol Marketing and Advertising Essay Alcohol Marketing and Advertising Essay golf shirts, patio umbrellas, and glassware). Some of the sites offer an opportunity to sign up for e-mail messages that contain similar text. Approximately a dozen of the sites have interactive features, such as the opportunity to play a game like dominoes or to click on images of men and women in a cocktail lounge to see what they are saying. These features are presented in a slow-paced, low-key manner; their appeal to today’s youth is uncertain. Four of the sites feature more alluring content, e. g. , photos of scantily clad models on a beach. Over 90% of the sites feature references to the fact that alcohol is for persons of legal age or contain other responsibility messages. The Commission also reviewed the sites for response to the Commission’s 1999 recommendation to attempt to limit access to users stating they are over the age of 21. All of the brewers’ sites and most of the vintners’ sites had responded to the recommendation, and featured such a system. Most of the distillers’ sites instead required that visitors click on a box stating that they are of legal age before entering the site; however, DISCUS has now modified its code to require use of an age verification mechanism which could consist of requiring visitors to enter a birth date over the age of 21 in order to enter an alcohol advertising site. Three companies provided data showing that between 30% and 70% of consumers exit a site rather than entering their date of birth. It is not known whether this is because they are underage, wish to avoid the inconvenience, or are concerned about privacy. In some cases, if a consumer enters his age and is rejected for being underage, the consumer is automatically sent to a web site promoting responsible drinking practices (such as the Century Council site) or to a site for a non-alcohol product. 58 In addition to sponsoring branded web sites, some companies place banner ads on web sites operated by others. The documents obtained from two companies that engaged in this practice in 2002 show that such ads are placed on sites shown by reliable data to have adult audiences that 18 equaled or exceeded 75% (such as NHL. com and Maxim. com) or even 85% (such as Ticketmaster. com and ESPN. com). Alcohol web sites are different from other alcohol advertising because consumers must seek them out – unlike television or print ads, their content does not appear unsolicited. Further, when the Commission last reviewed this issue, there were no technologies that permitted advertisers to limit site entry to those who could be determined to be of legal age. As a result, the Commission urged alcohol advertisers to limit entry to alcohol web sites to those who entered a date of birth showing that they were 21 or older. The Commission recognizes that some consumers may indicate an inaccurate date of birth. So long as web site content is not likely to appeal to minors, however, the requirement to enter date of birth may be sufficient, as the alternative is to require site visitors to provide sufficient personal information to permit verification of their adult status. The Commission thus continues to urge all industry members to avoid web site content that appeals to minors. Operators of web sites that feature content likely to have strong appeal to minors, or that permit consumers to order alcohol online, should consider use of age verification technologies. These technologies require the consumer to enter personal identifying information (such as a name and driver’s license number); they immediately compare this data to publicly available information in government databases and then limit site access to those consumers demonstrated to be over a specific age (such as 21). 9 c. Advertising to College Students In the 1999 Report, the Commission identified advertising to college students as a source of concern, given the presence of a significant underage audience and the high incidence of abusive college drinking. It cited, as a best practice, restrictions on campus alcohol beverage advertising and raised concerns about ads in campus newspap ers placed by off-campus bars that appeared to promote irresponsible drinking. A substantial minority of college students – approximately 42. % – are below the legal drinking age, and a 2002 report sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism discussed in depth the issues associated with college drinking and identified potential prevention measures. 60 As of 2003, the Wine Institute and DISCUS codes continue to 19 prohibit advertising in college newspapers and prohibit marketing activities on campuses, except (in the case of the DISCUS Code) at licensed retail establishments. The Beer Institute Code continues to permit members to sponsor on-campus sports events, but only with the approval of the college and (in the case of public events) where most of the audience is reasonably expected to be 21 or over. The Revised Beer Institute Code also specifies that promotions on college campuses should not portray consumption of beer as being important to education; shall not degrade studying; and shall not encourage irresponsible, excessive, underage, or otherwise illegal alcohol consumption. With regard to ads local alcohol retailers place in college campus media, most companies now direct the parties engaged in selling their product, including distributors, wholesalers, and sales and marketing personnel to comply with their college marketing policies. The Commission is not aware of any indications of non-compliance with these policies. With regard to activities specifically targeted to U. S. students at â€Å"spring break† locations, whether here or abroad, the alcohol companies surveyed by the Commission now universally limit such promotions to licensed retail locations such as bars and restaurants. 1 A few of the companies stated that when sponsoring on-premise promotions, they take extra steps to prevent underage consumption by having extra security to check identification. 62 d. Direct Shipment of Alcohol to Consumers Alcohol is typically purchased at a retail outlet or an â€Å"on-premise† location. This is consistent with the three-tier system, estab lished after Prohibition and enforced under state laws, which generally requires that alcohol manufacturers sell to retailers and wholesalers, who in turn sell to retailers, and who in turn sell to consumers. Through this system, consumers can obtain the most popular brands of beer, wine, and spirits. Nevertheless, consumers sometimes seek other avenues to purchase beverage alcohol. They may order alcohol through consumer clubs or from vintners’ web sites. 63 In a recent staff report, the Commission’s staff concluded that state laws banning direct shipment of wine to consumers reduced consumer choice and raised prices. It noted that states that permit interstate direct shipping generally report few or no problems with shipment to minors, with some states applying safeguards to online sales, such as requirements that package delivery companies obtain an adult 20 signature at the time of delivery, and others developing penalty and enforcement systems to provide incentives for compliance with prohibitions on sales to minors. 64 Direct shipment remains a very minor part of the alcohol supply system. In the case of wine, an industry expert estimates that at least 90% of wine is sold through the traditional three-tier channels. 5 Data show that over 99. 9% of the malt beverages sold in the U. S. is shipped from breweries to beer wholesalers or sold to consumers in brewpubs or tasting rooms at breweries. 66 Similarly, because the vast majority of spirits brands are available through local retail outlets, there has been little demand for direct shipping. 67 The web sites operated by the companies that were the subject of this inquiry do not, except in the case of wine sites, provide for sale of alcohol to consumers. As set forth in the Commission’s Wine Report, there is little evidence that teens seek to obtain alcohol through direct shipment. Nonetheless, it is important that direct shippers remain vigilant and that they use tools, such as adult signature requirements and online age verification technologies, to prevent online alcohol sales from being a means of teen access. e. Conclusion Beverage alcohol is promoted in a myriad of ways. The Commission’s review shows that industry members generally consider self-regulatory provisions when engaging in marketing efforts for beverage alcohol. Additionally, the industry trade associations continue to revise selfregulatory guidelines to address changes in marketing methods. The Commission encourages continued attention to these issues and will monitor implementation. 5. Consumer Education by Industry Although precise figures are not available, it appears that on average the beverage alcohol industry spends more than $50 million annually to sponsor public service activities to combat alcohol abuse and to reduce underage drinking and attendant injury. 68 Some of these programs are sponsored directly by individual alcohol companies; others are sponsored by industry organizations such as the Century Council, the Beer Institute, the National Beer Wholesalers Association, and the Brewers’ Association of America. Materials are widely available free of charge and often in different languages. 21 The alcohol industry’s public service efforts include a number of programs and resources aimed at reducing the harm associated with underage and abusive drinking, and to assist enforcement of the legal drinking age and drunk driving laws. They include: programs for parents and other adults, to facilitate conversations with children about alcohol issues;69 programs for underage persons, intended to educate adolescents and young adults about the importance of the legal age requirement, responsible drinking, and risks of abuse;70 programs for college administrators, designed to provide guidance to colleges about effective programs to reduce alcohol abuse on college campuses;71 and programs for alcohol beverage retailers and servers, designed to promote enforcement of laws prohibiting sale to minors and to prevent serving underage and intoxicated persons. 72 These programs are generally developed by professionals in the fields of education, medicine, or alcohol abuse. Many are undertaken in partnership with community organizations, educational groups, law enforcement officials, and the public health community. These programs follow approaches recommended by alcohol research. For example, research shows that parental monitoring protects against alcohol use;73 industry programs designed to facilitate parent-child communications about alcohol use are intended to promote such monitoring. Research also shows that adolescents and young adults overestimate social norms, that is, peer approval and use of alcohol; these erroneous beliefs are correlated with alcohol use and abuse. 4 Although more study is needed, some studies have shown that well-implemented programs to correct erroneous views of social norms can have a positive effect. 75 Finally, efforts to facilitate enforcement of the legal drinking age are shown to reduce underage alcohol use. 76 Although more rigorous research regarding the effectiveness of specific programs is needed, the industryâ⠂¬â„¢s consumer education programs have the potential to help address issues of underage alcohol use. The Commission encourages industry members to maintain links on their web sites to these programs and their materials, to facilitate access to this information. 22 IV. Conclusions and Recommendations A. Marketing of Flavored Malt Beverages The Commission’s investigation found no evidence of targeting underage consumers in the marketing of FMBs. Adults 21 to 29 appear to be the intended target of FMB marketing and the products are popular among adults, including those over 27. FMB ads were placed in compliance with the industry’s 50% placement standard. The 50% placement standard in effect at the time these products were introduced permitted the ads to reach a substantial youth audience, however, and ad content that appeals to new legal drinkers, as well as the sweet taste of FMBs, may be attractive to minors. Although there is no information to show the extent to which teens drink these beverages, the Commission believes that marketers should exercise significant caution when introducing new alcohol products, to ensure that they are not marketed to an underage audience. B. Industry Self-Regulation Programs Self-regulation practices in the alcohol industry have shown improvement since issuance of the 1999 Report. With regard to external review of code compliance, in 1999 only the DISCUS Code Review Board provided external review of company compliance with self-regulatory guidelines; there was insufficient evidence, however, whether the Code Review Board’s program was conducted in a critical and independent fashion, and the Commission criticized the proceedings for being nonpublic. The present review suggests that the DISCUS Code Review Board proceedings do provide an important review of spirits industry compliance with the DISCUS Code; further, DISCUS has now committed to publicize its findings semi-annually and has created an outside advisory group to provide input on certain cases. Additionally, Coors now participates in a third-party review program run by the BBB, and two other companies are adopting alternative mechanisms to obtain external input regarding their compliance with selfregulatory standards. The largest improvements have occurred in the area of ad placement. In 1999, only half of the companies surveyed were able to demonstrate compliance with placement standards. In 2002, all of the companies achieved 99% compliance with the 50% standard. More important, 23 the industry now has committed to adhere to a 70% placement standard and to implement postplacement audits. Additionally, the industry documents show increased attention to the issue of ad content. This area is particularly sensitive, given that minors are present in nearly every context where ads are disseminated. The company documents show many examples of ad concepts being rejected or modified to reduce the likelihood of appeal to minors. Still, a visible minority of beer ads feature concepts that risk appealing to those under 21. Since the issuance of the 1999 report, the companies also have made improvements in practices relating to product placement, Internet advertising, and marketing on college campuses. Most importantly, the companies that were the subject of this report have ceased sponsoring spring break activities outside of licensed retail establishments. Though self-regulatory compliance is substantially improved, concerns remain that unless care is taken, alcohol ads targeted to young legal drinkers also may appeal to those under the legal age. Nonetheless, because of significant constitutional issues, the Commission continues to recommend enhanced self-regulation to address concerns about alcohol advertising’s appeal to minors. C. Recommendations While advertising self-regulation is designed to prevent advertising and marketing practices that target underage consumers and reduce the number of ads seen by minors, a comprehensive alcohol policy also must address the means by which teens actually obtain alcohol for consumption. Research indicates that younger minors obtain alcohol primarily from noncommercial sources such as friends, parents, and other adults. For example, in one survey, 32% of 6th graders, 56% of 9th graders, and 60% of 12th graders reported obtaining alcohol at parties. 77 Social availability of alcohol to teens through parents, friends, and strangers can be addressed only by changing adult attitudes about teen use. Institutions focusing on alcohol issues may wish to consider development of additional programs targeted to adults. For example, wider awareness of the success of the legal drinking age in reducing underage drinking and related injury could influence some adults who provide alcohol to minors. 4 Second, changes are needed to reduce underage alcohol purchases from commercial outlets. Minimum age purchase laws are implemented by staff at local retail outlets and enforced by law enforcement agencies with limited resources and significant competing responsibilities. Older minors too often are able to obtain alcohol from commercial sources, such as retail stores or bars, although access to alcohol from commercial s ources is less likely in states with better enforcement of legal drinking age laws. 8 During this past year, the many stakeholders in the alcohol control process – including state alcohol control agencies; state law enforcement officials; representatives of major retail outlets; and alcohol producers, wholesalers, and distributors – organized under the aegis of the Responsible Retailing Forum (RRF) to evaluate what changes are needed to reduce minors’ ability to purchase alcohol in retail outlets. 79 Support is needed for the efforts of organizations, like RRF, that can conduct rigorous field studies of the efficacy of alternative approaches to improving enforcement of minimum age purchase laws. The Commission’s review of alcohol industry self-regulation reveals a substantial response to the recommendations contained in the 1999 Report. All industry members need to be active in preventing advertising or marketing that may support or encourage underage alcohol use. Although more could be done to reduce underage exposure to alcohol marketing, increased attention to preventing teen access to alcohol, whether through social or commercial channels, also is needed to address this important issue. The Commission will continue to monitor alcohol industry self-regulation. In particular, the Commission will monitor the new placement standard requiring that adults constitute 70% of the audience for advertising. Additionally, the Commission will monitor the effectiveness of thirdparty and other external review programs and will continue to evaluate new advertising programs that may have undue appeal to underage consumers. 25 1. The Conferees direct the Commission to study the impact on underage consumers of the significant expansion of new ads for liquor-branded alcopops and report the Commissions finding to the Committee within six months of enactment of this Act. The Conferees are also concerned that the alcoholic beverage industry has not implemented all of the recommendations of the 1999 Commission report, ‘Self Regulation and the Alcohol Industry,’ and that only one industry member has taken action to provide for independent review of complaints about its advertising. The Conferees urge the Commission to encourage the industry to adopt stricter advertising placement standards as well as establish an independent third-party review mechanism to limit the appeal and exposure of alcohol advertising to underage consumers and report back to the Committees on Appropriations no later than six months from enactment of this bill on the status of the implementation of these recommendations and whether further rule-making by the Commission is required. Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, Pub. L. No. 108-7, Div. B. , Title II (House Subcommittee on Appropriations). 2. Id. see Self-Regulation in the Alcohol Industry, A Report to Congress From the Federal Trade Commission (Sept. 1999) [hereinafter â€Å"1999 Report†]. 3. L. D. JOHNSTON ET AL. , NAT’L INST. ON DRUG ABUSE, MONITORING THE FUTURE STUDY, tbls. 2 and 6 (2002), http://monitoringthefuture. org/data/02data/pr02t2. pdf and http://monitoringthefuture. org/data/02data/pr02t6. pdf (ac cessed 6/23/03). Nationwide data regarding alcohol consumption by 8th and 10th graders was first collected in 1991. 4. L. D. JOHNSTON ET AL. , NAT’L INST. ON DRUG ABUSE, MONITORING THE FUTURE, NATIONAL RESULTS ON ADOLESCENT DRUG USE: OVERVIEW OF KEY FINDINGS, 2002, NIH PUB. NO. 02- 5374 at 47 (2003) [hereinafter MTF 2002]. In 2002, 12. 4% of 8th graders, 22. 4% of 10th graders, and 28. 6% of 12th graders reported consuming five or more drinks in a row in the previous two weeks. Id. at 48. 5. Id. Also in 2002, 6. 7% of 8th graders, 18. 3% of 10th graders, and 30. 3%

The Health and Pollution Risks of Charcoal Grilling

The Health and Pollution Risks of Charcoal Grilling Cooking with grills can be problematic for two reasons. First, both charcoal and wood burn â€Å"dirty,† producing not only hydrocarbons but also tiny soot particles that pollute the air and can aggravate heart and lung problems. Secondly, the grilling of meat can form two kinds of potentially carcinogenic compounds in the cooked meat: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs). Charcoal Grilling May Pose Cancer Risks According to the American Cancer Society, PAHs form when fat from meat drips onto the charcoal. They then rise with the smoke and can get deposited on the food. They can also form directly on the food as it is charred. The hotter the temperature and the longer the meat cooks, the more HCAs are formed. HCAs can also form on broiled and pan-fried beef, pork, fowl, and fish. In fact, National Cancer Institute researchers have identified 17 different HCAs that result from cooking â€Å"muscle meats,† HCAs that may pose human cancer risks. Studies have also shown an increased risk of colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancers associated with high intakes of well done, fried, or barbequed meats. Cooking With Charcoal Grills Adds to Air Pollution According to the Texas Commission on Environmental Air Quality, Texans who like to say that they â€Å"live and breathe barbecue† may be doing just that to the detriment of their health. A 2003 study by scientists from Rice University found that microscopic bits of polyunsaturated fatty acids released into the atmosphere from cooking meat on backyard barbecues were helping to pollute the air in Houston. The city at times registers air quality levels that rank it one of the more polluted urban areas in the United State. Emissions from barbecues, however, are certainly dwarfed by those generated by motor vehicles and industry. Both briquettes and lump charcoal create air pollution. The production of lump charcoal, made from charred wood to add flavor, creates other environmental hazards. Their production contributes to deforestation and adds to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Charcoal briquettes do have the benefit of being made partly from sawdust, which is a good use of waste wood. Popular brands, however, may also contain coal dust, starch, sodium nitrate, limestone, and borax. Canada Considers Charcoal Hazardous In Canada, charcoal is now a restricted product under the Hazardous Products Act. According to the Canadian Department of Justice, charcoal briquettes in bags that are advertised, imported to, or sold in Canada must display a label warning of the potential hazards of the product. No such requirements presently exist in the United States. Avoid Health Risks by Using Natural Charcoal Consumers can avoid exposure to these potentially harmful additives by sticking with so-called natural charcoal brands. Look for charcoal made of 100 percent hardwood and containing no coal, oil, limestone, or petroleum products. Third-party certification programs, like the Forest Stewardship Council, can help choose products that are harvested in a sustainable fashion. Edited by Frederic Beaudry.

Chemical Engineer Job Profile and Career Information

Chemical Engineer Job Profile and Career Information Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemical engineering to identify and solve technical problems. Chemical engineers work mainly within the chemical and petrochemical industries. What Is a Chemical Engineer? Chemical engineers use math, physics, and economics to solve practical problems. The difference between chemical engineers and other types of engineers is that they apply a knowledge of chemistry in addition to other engineering disciplines. Chemical engineers may be called universal engineers because their scientific and technical mastery is so extensive. What Do Chemical Engineers Do? Some chemical engineers make designs and invent new processes, some construct instruments and facilities, and some plan and operate facilities. Chemical engineers have helped develop atomic science, polymers, paper, dyes, drugs, plastics, fertilizers, foods, textiles, and chemicals. They devise ways to make products from raw materials and ways to convert one material into another useful form. Chemical engineers can make processes more cost effective, more environmentally friendly, or more efficient. A chemical engineer can find a niche in any scientific or engineering field. Chemical Engineer Employment and Salaries As of 2014, the US Department of Labor estimated there were 34,300 chemical engineers in the United States. At the time of the survey, the average hourly wage for a chemical engineer was $46.81 per hour. The median annual salary for a chemical engineer was $97,360 as of 2015.   In 2014, the Institution of Chemical Engineers Salary Survey reported the average salary for a chemical engineer in the UK was  £55,500, with a starting salary for a graduate averaging  £30,000. College graduates with a chemical engineering degree typically gain high salaries for even first employment. Educational Requirements for Chemical Engineers An entry-level chemical engineering job typically requires a college bachelors degree in engineering. Sometimes a bachelors degree in chemistry, math, or another type of engineering will suffice. A masters degree is helpful. Additional Requirements for Engineers In the US, engineers who offer their services directly to the public need to be licensed. Licensing requirements vary, but in general an engineer must have a degree from a program that is accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), four years of relevant work experience, and must pass a state examination. Job Outlook for Chemical Engineers Employment of chemical engineers (as well other types of engineers and chemists) is expected to grow at the rate of 2 percent between 2014 and 2024, slower than the average for all occupations.   Career Advancement in Chemical Engineering Entry level chemical engineers advance as they assume more independence and responsibility. As they gain experience, solve problems, and develop designs they may move into supervisory positions or may become technical specialists. Some engineers start their own companies, some move into sales, and others become team leaders and managers.

Training and Development (8) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Training and Development (8) - Assignment Example This involves three stages: anticipatory, encounter and settling in. The anticipatory stage deals with potential employees. These candidates from previous experience, interaction with peers and managers have an idea of what the company stands for and how it operates. However, Mallor et al (2010) suggests that they should be given a realistic job preview to help them make an informed decision on whether to work for the company. This gives them the true picture of the company instead of relying on hearsay hence they have realistic expectations about the company and working conditions. This information can be obtained from brochures, magazines and company website. Once the potential candidates have been recruited, they move into the encounter stage. At this stage, the employee needs to understand his/her roles and responsibilities so as to perform according to expected standards. He/she also needs to understand the company policies and procedures especially the company culture as it det ermines the behavior of employees. The organization structure indicates the reporting relationships and interrelationships in the organization thus it is crucial for employee to understand it. Though they may have previous experience, each company has its way of doing things hence they need to be given appropriate training and orientation. They also need manager’s support in form of information about their job and the company, challenging work and high-quality relationship (Mallor et al. 2010 p. 479). The last stage is settling in. At this stage, employees are already familiar with their job tasks, company policies and procedures and have developed interpersonal relationships (Mallor et al. 2010). However, they need to deal with various work conflicts such as conflicting job demands. They also have to balance work and family life or nonwork activities so as to be productive employees. They also need to understand how their performance is to be evaluated and how they can progr ess in their career. 2. Why are content and process important in the design of employee orientation programs? What content should an effective orientation program include?   What process should be used? Orientation involves familiarizing the employees with the company history, company goals, performance requirements and interpersonal relationships (Mallor et al. 2010 p. 480). The success of employee orientation programs depends on the content and the process used. These programs are aimed at enhancing commitment and engagement from employees and consequently loyalty to the company which leads to reduced labor turnover and competitive advantage. The content helps the employees to understand their work, the company as well as policies and procedures. An effective orientation program includes company level information such as policies and procedures, employee and union relations, compensation and benefits and customer relations. It also includes department level information such as j ob duties and responsibilities, performance expectations, and introduction to peers. The content also entails the relation of individual to community such as how to find suitable housing and how to deal with family adjustments (p. 481). The process of orientation involves filling forms, scheduling and attending orientation meetings, interacting with managers and coworkers as well as familiarizing with products and services (P. 481). 3. How could you

Omega Craft Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Omega Craft - Case Study Example In my opinion the biggest reason for the problems that the company is facing with its kit car division is the lack of research that went into the planning stages of the product development. Manufacturing fiberglass hulls for boats and making fiberglass parts for a car are two entirely different things and Omega Craft made the mistake that many bigger names had made; they didn’t devise a proper product development strategy and did not test market their fiberglass car components. As a result, the lack of research that went into their car components is evident in the low quality of these products. The boats that the company has been manufacturing have been perfected over the years but the kit car components should have been tested sufficiently before their production was started. A very good option for Omega craft would be to employ vertical dis-integration and look to form a virtual corporation. It would result in a number of benefits for the company. Outsourcing parts of the kit car would mean that the company could be able to provide better products at a better price. Locating manufacturers whose specialty is this particular line of products and working with them will result in improving the final product that the company intends to sell to its customer. The company can carry out extensive research and upon deciding the kind of product that they want, they can get it manufactured from another small scale manufacturer, so that it can maximize their economies by specializing. Given that Omega Craft sets rigorous standard production specifications, this arrangement can give their Kit car parts the needed touch of expertise. The costs will also be certainly less if Omega Craft only looks to manage the supply network, market these kit car components and to uptake sales and post sales services while getting the actual products manufactured by someone else. However this arrangement can be problematic as well.  

Global Warming (human beings are responsible) Term Paper

Global Warming (human beings are responsible) - Term Paper Example The sun’s warmth is trapped in the atmosphere due to the continuous air pollution that ensures there is a blanket, which prevents the warmth from escaping from the atmosphere. The main purpose of this essay is to prove that humans are the main cause of global warming because of their continuous activities that pollute the environment. The essay will thus prove that the earlier assumption that the sun is responsible for global warming is a vague assumption. This is because there are no evidences unlike the many evidences on the human activities. The assumption that the sun is the main cause of global warming has been used for years by some people due to the historical changes of the earth’s climate. For the past 650,000 years, the earth has experienced about seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, which has affected the climate. In the last 7,000 years climate has been changing in unusual way and this has been attributed to the small variations of the earth’s orbit change that has increased the amount of solar energy received by the earth (Rosser, 249). People have assumed that the increment of solar energy is the main perpetuator of global warming forgetting that the sunrays are radiated away from the earth after hitting the earth’s surface. Then, the heat escapes the atmosphere into space. This radiation ensured that temperatures are regulated by the nature. Human civilization has led to humans venturing in activities that produce carbon dioxide and other gases that act as blankets preventing the solar energy and warmth from leaving the earth’s atmosphere. The continuous trapping increased solar energy in the atmosphere is the main cause of global warming (Rosser, 256). Since mid-20th century, the climate has changed drastically. This shows that the industrial revolution that began at this time is responsible for the climatic changes that were experienced. Industrialization has hit new levels and there have been more fossil fuels burned

Business in Context (N) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business in Context (N) - Essay Example The reason that matters underneath is the economic power shift from the leading western countries to the emerging eastern countries. The BRIC received its name from Goldman chief Jim O’Neil in 2001 and since then it has continuously been in the bull’s-eye category of economists in predicting future changes and suggesting remedies to the suffering economies. Most of the economists and analysts have already stated that by 2050, the BRIC economy especially China is going to be the biggest economy in the world (Economy Watch. 2010). This makes the reason for UK economy to consider the growth of BRIC economies and rethink its future perspective to face this global challenge. To work as a fuel to the matter, the GDP rate of UK was recorded to be $1.5, while on the context the GDP ratings for BRIC economies were standing at a height of $5.2, $4.3, $8.5 and $6.8 respectively in 2007 and is estimated to be $2.0 for UK, $3.1 for Brazil, $3.2 for Russia, $5.0 for India and $4.6 for China. Therefore it can be seen, in both the period’s figures are in favour of BRIC nations and certainly at a high volume compared to UK. As such, the concern regarding BRIC economies are quite justified (Hawksworth & Cookson, 2008). The world economic power for a long period of time had been concentrated upon three powerful economic regions i.e. USA, Japan and European Union. These three are recognised as Triad Region. The power of economy has with time been spread across the world and has transpired in the hands of the BRIC countries. The power shift of economies to be noted is not only affecting UK economy but it is also changing the prospects of other developed western economies like USA, Canada, and Australia. But the reason why only UK economy is under so much pressure is because of the fact that at the initial stage when all the other economies were on a mindset to enjoy the mounting opportunities served by these

Shakespeare in the Bush Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Shakespeare in the Bush - Essay Example The tribal head, in the end, points out that the story has some loopholes and advises her that they should get guidance from them or their own elders to make the story of Hamlet more meaningful. Laura, a professor of anthropology is living among the people an Africa tribe for some research project. The people there remained busy in their ceremonies while the writer spent time in reading Hamlet. The writer used to go to their huts and drank beer with them and talked to them. Once the old man of the tribe showed curiosity in the â€Å" papers† read by the writer and asked them to tell the story she was reading. The writer told them the story of the Hamlet and during the rendition of the story it dawned upon Laura that it was difficult to communicate some concepts to these tribesmen as the concepts of â€Å" King† and â€Å" ghost† were alien to them and they were satisfied instead with the their own terms like â€Å" chief† and â€Å" witch† to interpret these concepts. Although the writer knew that the use of these words may change the connotations of the story but she had no other way. Furthermore, Hamlet’s reaction at the remarriag e of his mother was strange to them as in their culture it was a common practice and they saw no wickedness in Claudius’ acceding to throne and marrying Gertrude. Old man also thought that Ophelia must have killed by Laertes as a result of some witchcraft and they were also surprised at the fact that Polonius did not reveal his identity while hiding behind the arras. The Old man without embarrassing the writer makes her realize that there were certain flaws in the story and she should take the advice of the elders of her community to access to the true meaning of the story. Thus in the end the writer comes to know that the idea of universality of literature is somewhat baseless as every culture has its own ways of interpretation of stories and there could be more than one meaning to a story like

Business in Context (N) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business in Context (N) - Essay Example The reason that matters underneath is the economic power shift from the leading western countries to the emerging eastern countries. The BRIC received its name from Goldman chief Jim O’Neil in 2001 and since then it has continuously been in the bull’s-eye category of economists in predicting future changes and suggesting remedies to the suffering economies. Most of the economists and analysts have already stated that by 2050, the BRIC economy especially China is going to be the biggest economy in the world (Economy Watch. 2010). This makes the reason for UK economy to consider the growth of BRIC economies and rethink its future perspective to face this global challenge. To work as a fuel to the matter, the GDP rate of UK was recorded to be $1.5, while on the context the GDP ratings for BRIC economies were standing at a height of $5.2, $4.3, $8.5 and $6.8 respectively in 2007 and is estimated to be $2.0 for UK, $3.1 for Brazil, $3.2 for Russia, $5.0 for India and $4.6 for China. Therefore it can be seen, in both the period’s figures are in favour of BRIC nations and certainly at a high volume compared to UK. As such, the concern regarding BRIC economies are quite justified (Hawksworth & Cookson, 2008). The world economic power for a long period of time had been concentrated upon three powerful economic regions i.e. USA, Japan and European Union. These three are recognised as Triad Region. The power of economy has with time been spread across the world and has transpired in the hands of the BRIC countries. The power shift of economies to be noted is not only affecting UK economy but it is also changing the prospects of other developed western economies like USA, Canada, and Australia. But the reason why only UK economy is under so much pressure is because of the fact that at the initial stage when all the other economies were on a mindset to enjoy the mounting opportunities served by these

Organizational behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational behavior - Essay Example When first considering the new training program, it must be understood that â€Å"cultural issues will have a significant bearing on how your presentation is received† (Anton, 2007, p.1). Culture is a very important aspect behind how your chosen audience, both national and international, will embrace what is being discussed by the presenter. For example, it is understood that in the United States, there is a social trend to illustrate rather casual behavior within the organization which can sometimes be considered too casual with certain international audiences (media.wiley.com, 2006). In the United States, there is largely an individualistic culture, which can be defined as members of the organization who â€Å"value independence, self-expression and have beliefs that personal goals and interests are more important than group goals† (Blodgett, Bakir and Rose, 2008, p.339). When presenting a training concept to an individualistic culture, like the United States, the rec eiving audience is likely going to appreciate discussing aspects of performance management which identifies certain rewards for the individual’s contribution to meeting organizational objectives. A training program which is being discussed or presented for approval by the domestic audience will likely be appreciated and well-received by the audience so long as it appeals to individualistic goals. For instance, it might be offered that there will be a certain incentive given for completion of a comprehensive training program. In the international culture, which might be more collectivist, a culture which values group affiliation more than individual contribution to project or organizational goals, a more group-focused training program might wish to be presented to gain the audience’s attention. Collectivists â€Å"tend to view themselves as members of an extended family and will place group interests ahead of individual needs and

Gothic stories Essay Example for Free

Gothic stories Essay Gothic is a word used in the twelfth century to denote certain types of architecture connected to the settings used by writers. Gothic fiction initiated as a genre in 1765 with Horace Walpoles novel Castle of Otranto. The majority of Gothic writers would take drugs which inspired them to put pen to paper and write about numerous Gothic features and produce their story. Normally characters are associated with odd or ritualistic behaviour often involving the supernatural. The Gothic Golden Age occurred between 1765 and 1844. Boundaries and limits are both established and challenged by both writers and characters. Tensions between the scientific and the supernatural are often made apparent. Examples of these Gothic features can be found in The Signalman, The Hand and The Dream Woman. Traditionally Gothic stories are set in castles, churches, darkness or other locations with a sense of evil. Gothic stories are mainly set at night to add an extra illusion of fear. Should a Gothic story be read in a dark room extra fear, tension, anxiety and anticipation would be inflicted upon the reader. This is because when a gothic tale is read in the dark there is a sense of someone or something watching you. Readers expectations when reading a Gothic tale are to read about elements of the supernatural, skeletal or ghostly images and pathetic fallacy. In The Signalman Dickens writes he was a dark sallow man, with a dark beard and rather heavy eyebrows. This quotation consists of an example of a ghostly, corpse like image. Dickens is Describing a ghostly figure. The Signalman written by Charles Dickens is a perfect example of a gothic setting. The story has many examples of unusual events. Dickens writes so steeped in the glow of an angry sunset. This quotation informs the reader that the sunset has a violent glow which is unusual for a sunset, the skyline is a deep blood red. The Signalman is set at the Signalmans hut where the cutting through the tunnel by the hut is unusually deep and gives a sense of foreboding to the reader. The tunnel is made through clammy stone, which became oozier and wetter as you walked to the tunnel and made anybody petrified to enter it. The Hand written by Guy De Maupassant uses great examples of death, a main gothic feature. De Maupassant writes I bent down close to the corpse and between his clenched teeth I found one of the fingers from that vanished hand. This quotation informs the reader that a finger from the missing hand has been found, but in what mysterious circumstances. Also in The Hand the hand itself is described with much detail. The writer states The fingers were abnormally long and were attached by enormous tendons to which fragments of skin adhered. In this quotation the writer is describing the hand in such ghoulish detail the reader has an image of a gruesome hand projected onto their minds which they will find hard to forget. A feature of gothic tradition is the use of dark colours to emphasize the evilness of gothic characters and buildings. In the novel The Dream Woman the writer says The flame diminished to a blue point and the room grew dark The effect of this quotation on the reader is that it adds extra fear and suspense due to the darkness. A main aspect of gothic tradition is elements of the supernatural. In The Hand the writer states I thought I saw the hand running like a spider. This is an example of elements of the supernatural because a hand running like a spider is beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature and not something any human would have seen. In conclusion gothic tradition is a fascinating subject because the use of dark descriptive language is effective in giving the reader a terrifying experience. Short stories are effective because the action is condensed and it all happens in a short space of time. There is less background information; all the descriptive paragraphs are there to give atmosphere, the spooky dark events. Short sentences have greater impact than longer ones, particularly when exclamation marks complete them.

Impact Assessment of Advertisements Upon Society

Impact Assessment of Advertisements Upon Society The growth in media has lead to expansion in advertisement services over the years to much of the nation. Concern regarding impact of advertisements has grown in Pakistan and this study aims to gather data that analyzes its impact on the society. We will learn that emotions evoked amongst the viewers by advertisements that feature female and male models in diverse sex roles is a primary concern as it has affected the social values present within our society. To be precise, immorality publicized through these advertisements has more or less deteriorated whatever was left of our religious values. Constant advertisements containing indecent substance has lead to people being prone to it which was bound to happen had no corrective measure been taken timely. We investigate that how do children and teens perceive advertisements which change their psyche at a tender age. Lastly, the rulings of advertisements under the laws of Islam that is Shariah, are covered in this study which will highlight the ethical aspects which should have been an integral part of our society. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION An Overview of the Topic Research is conducted to assess the impact of advertising on our society. Since the dawn of advertising, complaints and criticism have run raging. Does it have a strong impact on society? Does it really influence and affect millions of people watching television, reading magazines and listening to the radio every day? The invention of the media has given us more power and knowledge, but its growth prompted us to think about its positive and negative impacts on our society. We experience its ramifications in our personal lives and in society as a whole. Advertising function is not of current origin, even the Romans practiced advertising. The sellers in early times used their loud voices to catch the attention of consumers and inform them of the availability of their services. After the development of retail stores, traders became more concerned about attracting sales and customers. Informing customers about their products and services was vital to increase sales. Hence use of signs on stores and other major places became a way to reach its customers. With the swift growth in markets and increase in customers, the significance of advertising also grew. Different advertising techniques and methods were then developed in order to survive with the rising trend. Advertising plays an important role in our society. It equally goes hand in hand with special responsibilities but the social actors do not fully understand the impact that it has on them. Advertisers are well aware of its society and hence use suitable techniques to reach its market. Few examples are banner ads, TV commercial ads, text messaging advertisements, online video ads and print ads. Each of these methods let advertisers offer a different way for a consumer to become more involved in the marketing process. Every time a person opens a newspaper or turns on the TV, he or she views advertisements in huge quantities which results in more and more chances of being carried away without even consciously knowing it. The worst part is that most of the viewers are negatively affected by it at a subconscious level. It is an important topic to discuss as to whether advertisements affect our society or not. There has been no research conducted in this field previously though this social issue needs attention in our society. The main purpose of this study is to know the relationship between how the society reacts to different types of advertisements and how it affects their psychology. Advertising has changed in its function, mainly because of the switch from informational to a more expressive conceptual way to communicate with consumers. Previously consumers were exposed to informative ads which made easier for them to make a decision by exploring the positives of products and the negatives of competitors. The ads and their types have changed over time, now they come with more emotions and sentiments. This style of marketing and advertising carried throughout the twentieth century, with the introduction of the Internet and other technological mediums it became easier to cooperate and communicate with the consumers directly. The internet plays an vital role in changing the strict lines between informational and emotional advertising as it allows its users to practice traditional informative advertising in many different forms, while encouraging interaction with consumers by click-through sites and links. The foremost aim of this research is to build a framework for an analysis of new media advertising that affects the society in numerous ways. The assessment will perform analyses of advertising and how it has changed the way consumers make decisions about products and services. Societal actors such as parents and other individuals have a general viewpoint that advertisement, specifically TV advertisements have a negative influence on society irrespective of it being intended or unintended. These advertisements hold an immense impact and affect the viewers especially the young generation. Usually the advertisements convey their message successfully. The audience captures the idea and internalizes it; the next thing they know, they are in the malls, buying the newest product or service advertised. The effects of advertising may not look severe, but because of the subtlety of these effects, consumer minds are already absorbing it without realizing. Most TV commercials make use of well-known celebrities or beautiful models that consumers are tempted to patronize it because they want to be like them. Advertising has positive as well as negative social, economical and religious impacts on our society. Viewing advertisements as a public welfare is a positive social impact whereas exposing women as a sex tool comes in the negative religious aspect. As far as economic factors are concerned, financing the media and motivating an vigorous and competitive economy are few major examples. Advertisements promote prosperity but are considered propaganda simultaneously. For example Advertising can affect people by making them smoke cigarettes, and support racial, cultural, and sexual stereotypes. Advertisements try to persuade the consumers to buy a product through the use of subliminal messages, celebrity endorsements or evident signs. The effects of television advertising are remarkable, affecting children, teens, and adults. These ads point out a persons lack of something, instead of the products features. As a result consumers now are likely to purchase products to make them feel good and beautiful instead of buying it because of the products particular feature or value. We all know that Pakistan has been created under the name of Islam therefore all social activities should be governed by Shariah. In accordance with The Holy Quran, fraud may occur if the seller fails to deliver anything promised in a transaction. Moreover according to Hadith [Sahih Muslim: The Book of Transactions], we can conclude that a true Islamic society is based upon honesty, justice and fraternity, and is absolutely intolerant of dishonesty in all its various forms. That is the reason why perfect honesty in business and truthfulness in trade are much emphasized by the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him). It will not be an exaggeration to say that absolute honesty in business and commerce is really an Islamic concept. Moreover The Holy Quran explicitly addresses the dress code for men and women. For instance in a verse of Surat Al-Noor in the Holy Quran states And say to the believing women, that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they Should not display their Beauty and ornaments except What (ordinarily) appear Thereof; that they should draw their veils over Their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers. The above mentioned facts prove that Islam strictly prohibits us to provide any false, unauthentic and deceptive information in any form what so ever. It also forbids involvement of men or women in any form as it is against our religious beliefs. People in society are influenced by most advertisements, and resultantly either they buy what they see or converse about what they saw. One of the major unfavorable judgments for advertising is that it persuades the public to buy things which are not their actual want. Advertising plays with emotions and encourages people to think that buying and consuming are the activities of life. It is important to understand what the impact of advertisement can be on society. The impact on individuals depend on how much they watch, their age and personality, whether they watch alone or with others, and whether others talk with them about what they see and understand. Questionnaires were distributed amongst the students, teachers, parents as well as the professionals working in corporate world which made certain that people belonging to all sections of the society were reached. Age was not a barrier in order to ensure that the feedback obtained represents the judgments of the society as a whole. From the 50 respondents in totality, the results show that almost half of the population admitted that the advertisements are a means of giving rise to materialistic values. Many respondents were of the view that they crave to have access to only those selected channels which do not promote immorality and indecency. Ethical and social aspect sections of the questionnaire mainly had an adverse response. A detailed analysis of advertisements and its impact on society will help draw a conclusion that how social inequality is mounting amongst the people of our society and how it molds the psychic of individuals. This research will provide a better understanding of how the society perceives and comprehends the selling objective of commercials. The main objective is to find the relationship between effects of advertisements upon society and their susceptibility of using advertised product or service. Related Definitions Advertisements: Any public notice, as a printed display in a newspaper, short film on television, announcement on radio, etc., designed to sell goods, publicize an event, etc. Advertising: Philip Kotler [Professor of International Marketing at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University] has defined advertising as Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media.(Bovee, 1992, p. 7) Society: 1. an organized group of persons associated together for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes. 2. a body of individuals living as members of a community; community. Psychology: The science of the human soul; specifically, the systematic or scientific knowledge of the powers and functions of the human soul, so far as they are known by consciousness; a treatise on the human soul. The science which studies the functions of the mind, such as sensation, perception, memory, through, and, more broadly, the behavior of an organism in relation to its environment Imitation of stunts: Copying (or trying to copy) the actions of someone else such as an acrobatic or dangerous piece of action in a film, television ad, etc. Eating disorder: Eating disorder is when a person eats, or refuses to eat, in order to satisfy a psychic need and not a physical need. The person doesnt listen to bodily signals or perhaps is not even aware of them. A normal person eats when hungry and stops eating when the body doesnt need more, when he feels the signal of satisfaction. Temper Tantrums: Temper tantrums are disruptive or undesirable behaviors or emotional outbursts displayed in response to unmet needs or desires. They may also refer to an inability to control emotions due to frustration or difficulty expressing a particular need or desire. Awareness: knowledge or understanding of a subject, issue, or situation Impulse shopping/buying: Involves no conscious planning but a powerful, persistent urge to buy something immediately Materialism: The theory that physical matter is the only reality and that everything, including thought, feeling, mind, and will, can be explained in terms of matter and physical phenomena. The theory or attitude that physical well-being and worldly possessions constitute the greatest good and highest value in life. A great or excessive regard for worldly concerns. Fraud: Deception deliberately practiced with a view to gaining an unlawful or unfair advantage; artifice by which the right or interest of another is injured; injurious stratagem; deceit; trick. [Not able to deliver everything promised in the ads is also fraud] Haram: Prohibited, illegal. Mostly used in reference to actions as well as foods. Haraam is that for which the one who does it will be punished and the one who abstains from it will be rewarded, if the reason for his abstinence is following the prohibition of Allah CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Sandage (1972) worked as a leader in advertising education. He conducted a research on some institutional aspects of advertising. Advertising has two types of criticisms: 1) that which is directed against the methods of individual practitioners, and 2) that which holds that the whole advertising process is neither socially or economically defensible. Basically the society holds advertising accountable to inform and convince members of society in respect to products, services and ideas. It is believed that advertising manipulates consumers to follow the will of the advertiser. The positive side of advertising is the learning of consumerism which means it develops judgment on the part of consumers in their buying practices. Advertising holds a philosophy that consumers are not really competent of making wise decisions and that they would be better off if some supposedly more intellectual person or group made all consumption decisions. Bijmolt, Claassen and Brus worked together to carry a study on childrens understanding to T.V advertising. They examine childrens understanding of TV advertising that is their aptitude to understand commercials. Children are watching more television today than years ago, and therefore viewing more commercials. Parents and other societal actors have a universal concern that advertisement, specifically TV advertisements have a harmful influence on early stages of life irrespective of it being intended or unintended. It is investigated whether their age, gender, parental pressure or any other aspect has an effect on the understanding of advertisements. Brucks, Armstrong and Goldberg (1988) concluded that understanding TV advertisements allows children to use cognitive defences, such as producing counter arguments. While looking at the children responses to TV advertisement a research testing revealed that childrens food choices especially in snacks are based on their exposure to TV commercials. Persuasive strategies are considered techniques used by advertisers to get consumers to purchase. Teenagers have become top consumers in todays society, so advertisers have focused on getting their business. Teens are able to spend their money more freely because they do not have the responsibilities of adults. They even have a greater influence on household spending, as their role in the spending of their parents money continues to rise. For instance, it is not unusual for a parent to send their young kid to the grocery store for them, giving them total control of product choice. Thus, teenagers are becoming big targets for advertisers due to their growing consumerism. Why are teenagers such big targets in the advertising business? The answer is straightforward: They are different. Advertisers view them as a constant changing generation with optimistic outlooks. They want to show individuality by their clothes and possessions, however fit in with their peers. Hyman, Tansey and Clark (1994) conducted a research on advertising ethics as it has been, and continues to be, an important topic in advertising research. Advertising ethics affects the practice of our lives, and also the practice of business, in subtle and important ways. It concerns everyone including the academicians, ad agency personnel, advertisers, consumers, media personnel, and regulators, in one way or the other. Dennison (2008) conducted a study to see the role of television in childhood obesity. The research in the study exhibited that child obesity has more than tripled in the last past 30 years. Although there are many other multi-factorial reasons for it to rise, television viewing is one the major factors. Increased calorie ingestion, poorer dietary quality and reduced physical activity are all results of extreme television viewing. Advertisements, such as sophisticated marketing of high fat, high sugar, high calorie foods and beverages are increasingly being targeted to kids and adolescents. These advertisements have been shown to have an effect on childrens preferences, requests, and short-term consumption of food and beverages. Foods such as fruits, vegetables or dairy products are least likely to be advertised. Gay (1992) analyzed the effects of 2 People see advertisements all around the globe that try to entice consumers to buy products. Advertisements are placed in newspapers, magazines, schools, and on billboards everywhere. According to marketing consultants Stan Rapp and Tom Collins, on a typical day, a person on average sees over 5,000 advertisements a day. Advertising is simply intended to reveal the benefits of products that consumers wish for. It is fundamental to many businesses, as some would be unable to survive without a way of making their products recognized. Although advertising is accused of influencing consumers to buy things they do not need, they have the choice to purchase. It is up to the consumer to make sensible choices and develop shopping skills. Alexander Hanson (1993) came up with many questions which arise about these advertisements, such as Is advertising deceptive? Does it create or perpetuate stereotypes? Does it create conformity? Does it create insecurity in order to sell goods? Does it cause people to buy things that they really dont need? Advertisers use specific methods to aim teen consumers, but these methods are not always doing well or ethical. Advertising is giving the general community information about new goods and trying to enhance overall sales, which increases the competence of the nations economy. It is supposed to be a significant way of getting the point across about a product and create incentive for individuals to buy. Advertising alone, however, does not get customers. It simply catches consumers interest, gets them to walk up to a shelf, and make an impulsive buy. There are several ways to research consumers behaviours, likes, and dislikes. Advertising reveals the latest fashions and the new popul ar novelties on the market. It exhibits perfect individuals wearing the new styles and looking superior. Consumers observe this perfection and envy it. Therefore, they go out and buy in hopes of reaching perfection. Furthermore, being an accepted member of society has become very essential to most individuals. For instance, the presence of body odour on individuals makes them an outcast in society. Advertisers use this knowledge to their advantage by developing ads that show a person using deodorant and being recognized as admired. Fear also works into the whole advertising process. Due to the fear by consumers that they will not fit in, they pay close attention to the new ads for the new looks, which gives advertisers more drive to make their ads represent the ideal person. Advertisers also insure that ads are simply informational, but many disagree and believe that they are definitely influential. Anderson, Crespo, Bartlett, Cheskin and Pratt (1998) worked on a research and concluded one of the most highly advertised products are fast food and other food products. These advertisements have an effect on childrens eating behaviour and healthiness. Many co-relational studies have demonstrated an association between the length of TV viewing and levels of overweight and obesity in both children and teenagers. In order to control Childhood obesity, efforts to separate snacking or eating while watching television must be made. Public awareness efforts such as TV (screen) turn-off week are gaining momentum, as are local school, childcare and after school policies to limit childrens television viewing and use of other screen media. Specialists can play a critical role by reinforcing messages, supporting parents and families in developing and implementing time limits for television viewing and restricting the marketing and advertising of high-fat, high sugar, high calorie foods to child ren and adolescents. Freeman, brucks, Wallendorf and Boland studied that use of harmful products among young people is on the climb. E.g. promoting specific brands of cigarettes is positively related to susceptibility to smoking. Another controversial topic with advertising is the fact that teenage smoking is on the rise. According to TIPS (Tobacco Information and Prevention Source), at least 6,000 people try a cigarette for the first time each day, all of which are under eighteen years old. Tobacco advertisements are being blamed for the increase use of tobacco by teenagers. Many advertising critics argue that tobacco ads do indeed influence and contribute to the number of teenage smokers. Most teens, however, disagree and believe that their peers are the number one factor in their decision to smoke. Since image is very important to teens, they assess what image their smoking friends portray. If they want that image too, they may also take up the practice of smoking. A teens attitude towards cigarettes is a considering factor, ranking over advertising that leads to teen smoking. Ringel, Collins, Phyillis and Ellickson (2006) conducted a research on time trends and demographic differences in youth exposure to alcohol advertising on television. The key objective of conducting the research was to examine trends in youth exposure to alcohol advertising on television across different demographic groups. Firstly, the negative effects of usage include reduced educational attainment, increase in risky sexual behaviour and also increased likelihood of aggression. Aggressive alcohol marketing and advertising is one factor that is often cited as causing drinking. Among researchers, there is a general consensus that alcohol advertising is positively associated with alcohol consumption. Recent evidence suggests that alcohol advertising on television is increasing both in terms of the number of advertisements and the amount spent, with 90% of youth between the ages of 12 and 20years seeing on average more than 280 alcohol ads in 2002. Jam, Akhtar, Hijazi and Khan (2010) worked together to carry a research on the impact of advertisement on children actions. The major findings were that it enhances the awareness of children and the ads targeted to children are not effective, for effective positioning of children related products marketers should target the parents and include ethical orientation along with environmental knowledge to influence the buying patterns of parents. They hypothesized relationships among media (Advertisements) and their impact on children memory as well as their behaviour of purchasing. They additionally hypothesized the relationship between children focused advertisements and their impact on product sales. Materialism, parent child conflict and unhappiness are most important impacts of advertising on children. There are two types of paradigms; the paradigm of empowered child and the paradigm of vulnerable child. Buizen concluded that in the empowered child paradigm, children are viewed as expert consumers, proficient of critically processing commercial messages. In the vulnerable child paradigm, children lack the cognitive skills to guard themselves against advertising messages. In this research Co-relational studies have been used to do the investigation. A sad or happy commercial can affect the mood, and cognition of the viewer. He proposed a cause and effect relationship and found strong correlations between TV advertisement exposure of children and their purchase preferences as well as amount of purchase while shopping with their parents. The Islamic law, Sharia, prescribes all that one should do (Coulson 1964). There are four major sources or roots of jurisprudence-the word of God himself in the Quran, the divinely inspired conduct of the Prophet (sunnah), reasoning by analogy (qiyas), and consensus of opinion (ijma) (Coulson 1964, p. 55-59). According to the Quran, fraud may occur if the seller fails to deliver everything promised in a transaction. Advertisers are likely to show women in advertising if their presence relates directly to the product even if they are not appropriately dressed. The Quran explicitly addresses the dress code for women. The Surat Al-Noor-Aih-31 in the Holy Quran addresses this issue and states that And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they Should not display their Beauty and ornaments except What (ordinarily) appear Thereof; That they should draw their veils over Their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers. Kaiser (2001) came to the conclusion that society today is bombarded with sexual messages and images in all media which includes television, magazines, advertisements, music, movies and the Internet. Parents are often concerned about whether these messages are productive and healthy. While television can be a powerful tool for educating young people about the responsibilities and risks of sexual behaviour, such issues are seldom mentioned or dealt with in a meaningful way in programs containing sexual content. Three out of four prime time shows include sexual references. Situation comedies top the list: 84 per cent contain sexual content. Of the shows with sexual content, only one in ten included references to safe sex, or the possible risks or responsibilities of sex. In shows that portrayed teens in sexual situations, only 17 per cent contained messages about safe and responsible sex. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL CHOICE 3.1: Research type: The research type of my thesis will be qualitative. Qualitative research is more appropriate in order to have comprehensive understanding of human behaviour and the reasons that govern such behaviour. The qualitative method investigates not only what, where and when of decision making but the why and how as well. Qualitative research is used to gain insight into peoples attitudes, behaviours, value systems, concerns, motivations, aspirations, culture or lifestyles. 3.2: Data type and research period: The data used in my research thesis is primary. Primary research involves the collection of data that does not already exist, which is research to collect original data. In order to collect the data questionnaires will be floated to appropriate participants and interviews will be carried out of professionals. 3.3: Sources of data: The unit of analysis are individuals such as parents, teachers, youth themselves since they would be the ones made to fill out the questionnaires from which the data would be collected and analyzed. Parents, teachers and professional psychologists are interviewed as well. Customs Ethical conscience Personal Interests 3.4: Theoretical framework: Effects of Advertisements Economical Effects Social and Cultural Effects Religious and Ethical Effects Persuasion power, use of cognitive defenses, producing counter arguments Eating disorder; Craving for fatty, sugary, and fast foods Promotion of harmful and haram products services Awareness Up-to-date info Increase in knowledge for better decision making Fraud, not able to deliver everything promised Consumerism, Parent-child conflict, Unhappiness Sexual info; use of women and female figures Altered Preference Consumption Pattern Temper tantrums, when deprived of latest products Increase in western TV channels other ad mediums Generate impulse Shopping resulting in materialism Materialistic values in youth Help improve diet, if healthy food product ads are convincing Indulge in risky Behaviors; smoking drinking SOCIETY 3.5: Population, Working population and planned sample: The Population sample of 50 people from all three social classes (lower, middle and elite) and age classes (children, youth and adults) would be selected. Both genders would be questioned and interviewed; Questionnaires would be floated to the Children (5years 10years of age), youth (10years 18years) and adults (above 18 years) would be selected. Biases existed since people will not be willing to share their personal experiences and also because of lack of knowledge of the topic under consideration. 3.7: Research hypothesis: H0: advertising has a significant impact on the society and is giving rise to social inequality ÃŽÂ ² = 0 H1: advertising has an insignificant impact on the society and is not giving rise to social inequality ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 H0: do advertisements create or perpetuate stereotypes? ÃŽÂ ² = 0 H1: advertising does not create or perpetuate stereotypes? ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 H0: deceptive advertising and materialistic values has increased over the years ÃŽÂ ² = 0 H1: deceptive advertising and materialistic values has not increased over the years ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 H0: advertising has brought more good than bad to the society as a whole ÃŽÂ ² = 0 H1: advertising has not brought more good than bad to the society as a whole ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 H0: advertising with the help of hard sell and soft sell approach leads to compulsive buying ÃŽÂ ² = 0 H1: advertising with the help of hard sell and soft sell approach does not leads to compulsive buying. ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 H0: advertising, with the expansion in media limits and expenditures in advertising has created a line between those who have and those who have not, giving rise to the sociological patterns of individuals (psychological) and society. ÃŽÂ ² = 0 H1: advertising, with the expansion in media limits and expenditures in advertising has not created a line between those who have and those who have not, giving rise to the sociological patterns of individuals (psychological) and society. ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 3.8: Techniques Cross tabulation are similar to pivot tables. For primary data cross tabulations were used and were particularly useful for the interpretation of questionnaires especially when the significance of relationship between two variables was to be analyzed. 3.9: Data analysis and interpretation The cross tabulations were run in SPSS software which helped to study differences across sampling frame as it was intuitive and easy to use. All the hypotheses were successfully tested through the cross tabs for the purpose of deriving conclusions and making recommendat