Essay on Biography of Johann Elert Bode - 564 Words

Johann Elert Bode was born in Hamburg, Germany on January 19, 1747. His father was a merchant and his mother stayed at home with him and his eight younger brothers and sisters. Bode never went to formal school, but his father was determined to teach him how to be a great merchant. However, Bode didn’t want to become a merchant. He was very interested in mathematics, geography, and astrology. He decided to go against what his father was teaching him and pursue a career in Astrology instead. When Bode was a child he had a nasty eye infection that caused him to lose most of his sight in his right eye. This didn’t keep him from his studies or his astrological findings. When Bode was 18 his father died of a serious illness. After this†¦show more content†¦Uranus was later found and its number is 19. Bode’s law can not, however, accurately give the correct answer for Neptune and Pluto. While Bode’s name is in the name of the law he was not the person w ho created it. He was only the person who popularized it. Johann Daniel Titius was actually the first person to first announce it. Bode had written about it in one of his studies but he had not credited Titius for his works, so people just assumed that it was Bode’s findings. Bode later gave Titius the credit he deserved, hence the second name of the law, Bode-Titius Law. Bode has many other contributions to astronomy. He found, in total, four different celestial bodies and â€Å"rediscovered† three others. He discovered M81, a spiral galaxy in Ursa Major; M82, an irregular galaxy also in Ursa Major; M53, a globular cluster in Coma Berenices; M92, another globular cluster, in Hercules; M64, a spiral galaxy in Coma Berenices, this one was discovered by Edward Pigott then Bode rediscovered it 12 days later; M48, an open cluster in Hydra, discovered by Charles Messier; and IC4665, an open open cluster in Ophiuchus, discovered by De Cheseaux. Also, in 1776 Bode created his version of the theory of the solar constitution. Later in 1795, Sir William Herschel created his theory of the theory of the solar constitution by tweaking Bode’s version to fit his beliefs. Bode is the man whom came up with the planet name â€Å"Uranus† and it has been called that ever since. Bode had many

First President Essay - 1991 Words

Suppose, halfway through the Bush presidency if Laura were to pass away, leaving George to start seeing another woman only 5 months later. Or if Obama tried running for president as a bachelor. Or if Trump†¦ lets not even go there. In all seriousness, instances like these would never happen in the modern political environment, but earlier in American history, three events occurred that caused the president to marry during his presidency. The marriage of John and Julia Tyler, Grover and Frances Cleveland, and Woodrow and Edith Wilson are the only cases of presidents who have wed during their time in office. In todays political climate, it is rare for a candidate to attempt to run for the presidency without a potential first spouse running†¦show more content†¦He seemed to fill the place and to be more agreeable in every way than any young man ever was or could be.† Plans for a secret wedding were underway, and on June 26, 1844 John and Julia Tyler wed at Church of the Ascension in New York. Only her immediate family, Tyler’s son and a few close friends attended the wedding, since the family was still morning her father’s death. The first glace of the newlyweds was upon leaving the church in a carriage drawn by white horses. Americas Response The Tyler’s received mixed responses regarding their marriage. Views from family members, other political leaders, the media and the American people as a whole, proved to be opinionated on the marriage. Julia Tyler also played a role in how she was perceived in the media. As the Tyler’s traveled from New York, to their honeymoon location in Virginia crowds gathered to catch a glimpse of the First Couple. Julia Tyler wrote to her mother, â€Å"Wherever we stopped, wherever we went, crowds of people outstripping one another came to gaze at the President’s bride.† She described peoples’ reaction of the secret wedding as, â€Å"the tongue and admiration of everyone. Everyone says it was the best managed thing they ever heard of.† According to these accounts, the American people were excited to witness the first marriage that occurred during a presidency. Julia Tyler intended to keep the positiveShow MoreRelated Americas First Bl ack President Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pages For many years, American Presidents were viewed as being white and powerful leaders. Why were they only white? Is it because Americans felt Blacks were not smart enough to run a country on their own? 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George Washington was the first child of AugustineRead MoreSummary : The Federalist 1020 Words   |  5 PagesMariah Sheppard Miss Simpson AP American Government October 19th, 2014 Federalist No. 69 - The Real Character of the Executive Branch The Federalist Papers were written to gather a new Constitution for the United States of America. First being published in newspapers in New York around October 1787, the papers were written for the public to inform them that a constitution was needed in their society. The writers did not want the colonies to rule separately; their intentions were for us as a countryRead MoreA Day Full Of Happiness, Fireworks And Many Memories954 Words   |  4 Pagesparents, writes about how a graduation present became one of her worst holiday of her life. In Lorde essay, she describes some of the horrific moments that she lived during her first trip to Washington D.C on the Fourth of July. Lorde gives several examples, of how her visit to Washington D.C changed her perspective of how she viewed Independence Day. Moreover, she uses techniques such as, titling her essay â€Å"The Fourth of July† by using verbal irony, making justice on her own to allow readers to see theRead More How a Bill Becomes Law Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesdifficult. The Constitution settles how bills become law in the United States. The procedure is operose and can take significant time to complete. The course materials of week three offer more than enough information on how the procedure works. This essay will, mainly, use the course materials to describe the process of how a bill becomes a law. The process of transforming a bill into a law requires the participation of both the Legislative branch and Executive branch of government. Before thereRead More The U.S. Constitution: Checks Balances Essay1283 Words   |  6 Pageschecks and balances, made the U.S. government unique when it emerged in 1787. The Constitution describes a system of checks and balances and sets up a separation of powers. The Constitution separates the three branches of governance through the first three articles. Article I applies to the Legislative Branch of government, Article II refers to the Executive Branch of government, and Article III concerns the Judicial Branch of government (Unit 1A, 14). The Constitution enumerates the duties andRead MorePresident Obama s Foreign Policy758 Words   |  4 PagesPresident Barack Obama and President George W. Bush took different approaches to foreign policy. Lindsay (2011) suggests that the attacks on September 11th caused President Bush to take an ideological approach to foreign policy. Obama rejected Bush’s outlook and took a more pragmatic approach. Despite the differences between these two approaches, both Presidents were ultimately unable to meet their international goals. In this essay, I will summarize Lindsay’s main argument. First, I will review

Cask Of Amontillado Essay Free Essays

When the tunnels come to a dead end, Mentors chains Fortunate and buries him in the e catacombs. The literary elements of foreshadowing, symbolism, and irony help to create a tale of horror or found in the short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† written by Edgar Allan Poe. To build suspense in the story, Poe often employs foreshadowing. We will write a custom essay sample on Cask Of Amontillado Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example e, when Fortunate says, â€Å"l shall not die of a cough (Poe 66). Mentors replies, mat rue [.. J† (Poe 66), because he knows that Fortunate will in fact die from dehydration and starve ion in the crypt. He reshow’s future events by employing the topic of death into the conversant ion. On the other hand, Mentor’s description of his family’s coat of arms also symbolizes future eve ants. The shield features a human foot crushing a tenacious serpent. In this image, the foot represents Mentors and the serpent represents Fortunate. Although Fortunate has hurt Mentors with biting inns Its, Mentors will ultimately crush him. The conversation about Masons also foreshadows Forth anta’s demise. Are not of the masons. ‘ ‘Yes, yes,’ I said; yes, yes. ‘ ‘You? Impossible! A mason? ‘ ‘A m son,’ I replied. A sign,’ he said. It is this,’ answered, producing a trowel from beneath the folds of my require† (Poe 68). When he declares that he is a â€Å"mason† by showing his trowel, he means t hat he is a literal stonemason and that he constructs things out of stones and mortar, namely F rotundaâ€℠¢s grave. Pope’s use of symbolism describes each character. â€Å"The man wore motley. He had on a tight fitting predestined dress, and his head was surmounted by the conical cap an d bells. I was so pleased to see him, that thought should never have done wringing his hand† (Poe 63). His face covered in a lack silk mask, Mentors symbolizes hidden things. In this case, the mask sys embolisms Mentor’s hidden thoughts to kill Fortunate. On the other hand, Fortunate dons the mot electrode costume of the court fool, who gets literally and tragically fooled by Mentor’s masked mot eves. The color schemes here represent the irony of Fortune’s death sentence. Using symbolism such h as the setting of the dark and dank catacombs, Poe uses the gloomy environment to symbolize death a ND horrible things to come. We came at length to the foot of the descent, and stood together on the dam p ground of the catacombs f the Mentors† (Poe 66). The bones in the catacomb symbolizes that Forth NATO would soon be one of them. Using irony, Poe further uses literary elements to create a tale Of horror. Using g dramatic irony, Poe reveals the path of death that Fortunate is heading to. Fortunate is head Eng towards death but ironically does not even question the suspicious Mentors until the last mom .NET. â€Å"It must be understood that neither by word nor deed had I given Fortunate cause to duo bat my good will. Continued, as was my wont, to smile in his face, and he did not perceive that my smile now was at the Hough of his immolation† (Poe 63). Fortunate doesn’t know what will happen to himself but both the audience and Mentors knows that the story’ will end with Fortune’s death. Another example Of irony is the situation irony of Fortune’s name. â€Å"He had a weak point-?this Of rotunda-?although in other regards he was a man to be respected and even feared. He prided him elf on his connoisseurship in wine† (Poe 63). Fortunate, Italian for â€Å"the fortunate one,† ironically means t he exact opposite in this story, representing situational irony. Instead of the fortunate one, Fortunate comes the unfortunate one, dying from the hands of Mentors. How to cite Cask Of Amontillado Essay, Essays

Socioeconomic Factors and Sedentary Lifestyle †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Socioeconomic Factors and Sedentary Lifestyle. Answer: Introduction: Relationship between socioeconomic status (SES), sedentary lifestyles and obesity among Australian adolescents. Sedentary lifestyle is too much sitting and failure to undertake any physical activities management. The most common types of sedentary lifestyles in adolescents are TV viewing, game-console use, and computer use (Owen, Healy, GN, Matthews, Dunstan, 2010). Adolescents from high SES have high chances of embracing sedentary lifestyle; however, they have access to good diet and health education, which might reduce the incidence of obesity. Contrarily, adolescents from low SES have low chances living sedentary lifestyles; however, they lack access to good nutrition and health education, which might increase the occurrence of obesity. The prevalence of obesity and association with SES is already characterised. Thus, the research seeks to identify the relationship between SES and obesity and sedentary lifestyles such as sleeping, computer use and TV viewing (Konevic, Martinovic, Djonovic, 2015). Obesity is significant burden in Australian health care system and one of the NHPAs (Australian Institute of Health management and Welfare [AIHW], 2016). Approximately 20 to 25 percent of adolescents in Australia are obese or overweight. In 2007-2008, about one-quarter of adolescents aged 5 to 17 years were overweight or obese. This finding indicates that there was a 4% increase in the number of obese adolescents from 1995 (Australia Bureau of Statistics, 2009). Based on this finding, the prevalence of obesity is increasing significantly. A recent study found that adolescents living in economically disadvantaged areas had a higher risk of being obese than adolescents living in affluent areas. The risk of being overweight f or adolescents from low SES was 20% while that of children from high SES was 14% (Australia Bureau of Statistics, 2009). Aims and research questions The primary aim of this project is to investigate how obesity in adolescents relates to SES and sedentary lifestyles. The objective will narrow down to investigate whether sedentary lifestyles and economic status influence the occurrence of obesity in adolescents. Besides, it will investigate the extent to which sedentary lifestyle that can lead to obesity at adolescence stage. This goal has been adopted because lack of physical activity is linked to overweight or obesity (Sigmundov, Sigmund, Hamrik, Kalman, 2013). Does spending a substantial amount of time in sedentary states for adolescents from low SES result in obesity? Do adolescents from high SES, who spend a substantial amount of time in sedentary states, have equal risk of being obese as those from low SES? What is the ongoing influence of SES on sedentary lifestyles and how does it influence the occurrence of obesity in adolescents? Pursuing this topic is important since it will contribute to the expanding body of research on the prevalence of obesity among adolescents. Specifically, the project will introduce the concept of sedentary lifestyles and SES in the development of adolescent obesity, which has not been studied before. The project will be beneficial since it will expound on the relationship between social factors and obesity. It will explain why obesity and its burdens are increasing among adolescents in Australia. Adolescents aged between 15 and 24 years have been found to have gallbladder diseases, asthma and cancers linked to obesity (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2017). Besides, it has been found that if the current trends prevail, the incidence of obesity among young adults will grow by 14 percent in 2020 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2017). The key positive element management of this project is that it can inform on the creation of a health policy or hea lthcare intervention to address obesity in adolescents and prevent adverse health outcomes. References Australia Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Children who are overweight or obese. Retrieved 9 30, 2017, from https://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/C3ADD4130334512BCA25763A0018BE55/$File/41020_childhoodobesity.pdf Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW]. (2017). Impact of overweight and obesity as a risk factor for chronic conditions: Australian Burden of Disease Study. Canberra: AIHW. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW]. (2016). National Health Priority Areas. Retrieved 9 30, 2017, from Canberra: AIHW: https://www.aihw.gov.au/national-health-priority-areas/ Konevic, S., Martinovic, J., Djonovic, N. (2015). Association of Socioeconomic Factors and Sedentary Lifestyle in Belgrades Suburb, Working Class Community. Iranian journal of public health , 44 (8), 1053-1060. Sigmundov, D., Sigmund, E., Hamrik, Z., Kalman, M. (2013). Trends of overweight and obesity, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Czech schoolchildren: HBSC study. The European Journal of Public Health , 24 (2), 210-215.

The Second World War Essay Example For Students

The Second World War Essay John Boynton Priestley, a famous writer, was born in Bradford, Yorkshire, on the 13th of September 1894. When he was 16, Priestley decided to leave school altogether, believing that the World outside classrooms and labs would improve his ability to write, and help him to become a writer. J. B Priestleys beliefs were that people should be treated similarly, and not different for any reason. He believed in social responsibility and cooperation between people of different classes. An Inspector Calls was written in 1945, the year that saw the end of the Second World War. Priestley thought that this was the perfect time to introduce this novel, since society was in need of reorganizing and recovering from the recent war. Everything needed to be worked into a fresh start. The reason Priestley uses dramatic devices so early in the play is to keep the audience hooked and interested. If the audience is bored at the start of a play, they will begin to lose interest. Dramatic devices work the same way that water does with plants; it absorbs the audience and makes them eager for more. The play begins with numerous specific stage directions. We will write a custom essay on The Second World War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This is so that all directors interpretations of the initial scene will be similar and almost precise to how Priestley believes it should be. It is also important that he is very specific, so that directors can also understand how the character commits their actions, exactly how each character should look, and how each character generally behaves. Priestley is also very detailed because he wishes to create a particular tone. The setting of the opening of the play is the dining room of a fairly large suburban house, and that it belongs to a prosperous manufacturer. We can already guess from this sentence that the owner of this house is definitely rich and owns this house is some good suburbs. This opening sentence already draws the reader in, as they want to know more about the owner of this house. The reason Priestley uses such a familiar setting is so that directors will have a visualisation of what the house looks like. Anything fancy or hard to imagine would be difficult for a play to create, so keeping the setting familiar makes things easier and simpler. In the first Act, the atmosphere is very joyous and full of cheer, and the reason for this is because the family is enjoying a good dinner, and are celebrating a special occasion. This is highly ironic when we consider the rest of the play as their good moods are suddenly drowned out by guilt. The Inspector arrives and informs them of a girl Eva Smith, who has just perished due to a large dose of disinfectant. From hearing the news, the family becomes shocked. Priestley wrote this play to explore socialism and cooperating to make the poor richer. He looks at the issues of social class and responsibility through his characters by giving them all distinctive personalities; Mr. Birling is a rather portentous man, who is described to be in his fifties. This tells us that Arthur Birling has a pompous nature which supports the ideas that he is rich. Mr. Birling is a good example of wealth, or perhaps greed, which are two aspects we can deduce from him. He believes in Capitalism, and leaving the people who cant look after themselves in the dirt. J. B. Priestley has used this character to amplify fortune and wealth, but when the Inspector appears suddenly at his front door and reveals Evas horrible death, the whole family begins to feel an unmistakable feeling of guilt, and the inspector says all of them helped to kill her. Mr. Birling is described as a heavy looking man, equipped with fairly easy manners, but is quite provincial in his speech. Mrs. Birling is a rather cold woman and is said to be her husbands social superior. This means she is quite an apathetic and reserved woman, which is a similar personality to her husbands. .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275 , .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275 .postImageUrl , .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275 , .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275:hover , .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275:visited , .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275:active { border:0!important; } .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275:active , .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275 .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c32808cc7e5cb61b7df04cd23457275:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: blacks in civil war EssayFrom this description we can tell that its likely she wont care that much for Evas death. Both the Birling adults have a selfish belief in society, and dont care as long as theyre happy. They both have capitalist views upon life, and prefer to look after themselves rather than help the general community. Priestley cleverly uses dramatic irony in this play to make Birling look stupid, as he mentions that he disagrees with some people who say War is inevitable, saying its all fiddlesticks.

Wild Bill Hickok - Gunfighter of the Wild West

Wild Bill Hickok - Gunfighter of the Wild West James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837 - August 2, 1876), also known as Wild Bill Hickok was a legendary figure in the old west. He was known as a gunfighter and gambler who fought in the Civil War and was a scout for Custers Cavalry. He later became a lawman before settling down in Deadwood, South Dakota where he would soon meet his death.   Early Years James Hickok was born in Homer (todays Troy Grove), Illinois in 1837 to William Hickok and Polly Butler. Not much is known about his early education, though he was known as an excellent marksman. In 1855, Hickok left Illinois and the Jayhawkers, a vigilante group in Kansas. At that time, Bleeding Kansas was in the middle of tremendous violence as pro- and anti-slavery groups fought over control of the state. Jayhawkers were fighting for Kansas to become a free state, not allowing slavery in its borders. It was while Hickok was a Jayhawker that he first met Buffalo Bill Cody. He would work with him again in later years.   Pony Express Incidents In 1859, Hickok had joined the Pony Express, a mail service that delivered letters and packages from St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California. While delivering freight in 1860, Hickok was injured when he was attacked by a bear. After a fierce struggle that left Hickok gravely wounded, he was finally able to slit the bears throat. He was removed from duty and eventually sent to Rock Creek Station to work in the stables.   On July 12, 1861, an incident occurred that would begin Hickoks claim to fame.  While employed at the Rock Creek Pony Express Station in Nebraska he got into a gunfight with an employee looking to collect his pay. Wild Bill may have shot and killed McCanles and wounded two other men. He was acquitted at the trial. However, there is some question on the validity of the trial because he worked for the powerful Overland Stage Company. Civil War Scout With the start of the Civil War in April, 1861, Hickok joined the Union army. His name was listed as William Haycock at this time. He fought in the Battle of Wilsons Creek on August 10, 1861, acting as a scout for General Nathaniel Lyon, the first Union general to die in the war. The Union forces were slaughtered and the new general, Major Samuel Sturgis, led the retreat. He was discharged from the Union Army in September 1862. He spent the rest of war either acting as a scout, spy, or police detective in Springfield, Missouri.   Gaining a Reputation as a Fierce Gunfighter Hickok was part of the first recorded fast draw gunfight on July 1, 1865 in Springfield, Missouri. He fought with a former friend and gambling partner who had turned into a rival named Dave Tutt. There is a belief that part of the reason behind the rift in their friendship had to do with a woman they both liked. When Tutt called in a gambling debt that he said Hickok owed him, Hickok refused to pay the full amount saying that Tutt had it wrong. Tutt took Hickoks watch as collateral against the full amount. Hickok warned Tutt that he should not wear the watch or he would be shot. The next day, Hickok saw Tutt wearing the watch in the square in Springfield. Both men fired simultaneously, but only Hickok hit, killing Tutt. Hickok was tried and acquitted for this gunfight on the grounds of self defense. However, his reputation in the minds of those living in the east was settled when he was interviewed for Harpers New Monthly Magazine. In the story, it was stated that he had killed hundreds of men. While newspapers out west printed corrected versions, this cemented his reputation.   Life as a Lawman In the old west, the move from one on trial for murder to lawman was not that far. In 1867, Hickok began his career as a US Deputy Marshall at For Riley.  He acts as a scout for Custers 7th Calvary. His exploits are exaggerated by writers and he only adds to his own growing legend with tales of his own. In 1867, according to a story told by James WIlliam Buel in Life and Marvelous Adventures of Wild Bill, the Scout  (1880), Hickok was involved in a gunfight with four men in Jefferson County, Nebraska. He killed three of them and wounded the fourth, while only receiving a wound to his own shoulder.   In 1868, Hickok was attacked by a Cheyenne war party and injured. He was acting as a scout for the 10th Calvary.  He returned to Troy Hills to recover from the wound.  He then acted as a guide for Senator Wilsons tour of the plains. At the end of the job he received his famous ivory handled pistols from the Senator. In August, 1869, Hickok was elected to be the  Sheriff of Ellis County, Kansas. He wound up shooting two men while in office. They were seeking to gain fame by killing Wild Bill. On April 15, 1871, Hickok was made the marshal of Abilene, Kansas. While Marshal, he had dealings with a saloon owner named Phil Coe. On  October 5, 1871, Hickok was dealing with a violent crowd in the streets of Abilene when Coe fired two shots. Hickok tried to arrest Coe for shooting his pistols, when Coe turned his gun on Hickok. Hickok was able to get his shots of first and kill Coe. However, he also saw a figure approaching from the side and shot two more times, killing a man. Unfortunately, this was  Special Deputy Marshal Mike Williams who was trying to help him. This led to Hickoks being relieved of his duties as Marshal.   Wandering Lawman and Showman From 1871 to 1876, Hickok wandered around the old west, sometimes employed as a lawman. He also spent a year with Buffalo Bill Cody and Texas Jack Omohundro in a travelling show called Scouts of the Plains.   Marriage and Death Hickok decided to settle down on March 5, 1876 when he married Agnes Thatcher Lake, who owned a circus in Wyoming. The pair decided to move to Deadwood, South Dakota. Hickok left for a time to try and earn money by mining for gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota. According to her Martha Jane Cannary, a.k.a. Calamity Jane, became friends with Hickok around June 1876. She said that he spent the summer in Deadwood.   On August 2, 1876, Hickok was at the Nuttal   Manns Saloon in Deadwood where he was playing a game of poker. He was sitting with his back to the door when a gambler named Jack McCall came into the saloon and shot Hickok in the back of the head. Hickok was holding a pair of  black aces, black eights, and a jack of diamonds, forever to be known as a dead mans hand. McCalls motives are not completely clear, but Hickok might have upset him the day before.  According to McCall himself at his trial, he was avenging his brothers death who he said was killed by Hickok. Calamity Jane stated in her autobiography that is was she who first captured McCall after the murder: I at once started to look for the assassin [McCall] and found him at Shurdys butcher shop and grabbed a meat cleaver and made him throw up his hands, because through the excitement of hearing of Bills death having left my weapons on the post of my bed. However, he was acquitted at his initial miners trial. He was later rearrested and tried again, this being allowed because Deadwood was not a legitimate US town. McCall was found guilty and hanged in March, 1877.

End of Isolation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

End of Isolation - Essay Example Dorn and McClellan state in their work that society consisting of human beings has experienced numerous changes due to technology (McClellan, 1999, p.276). Changes in technology has even assisted America in several ways and has resulted in eliminating America’s social isolation, elevating economic growth, assisting in strategizing the military section and uniting the American people mentally and physically. Body The gap between the citizens of America has decreased due to increase in technological advancements since 1865. The new advancements have made various changes, these advancements have helped: in making research and development an easier task, sharing information and education, socializing with other and changed complex tasks into simple ones. These changes have assisted US in transferring and receiving information in both oral and written format. One of the major technological advancements experienced since 1875 was the creation of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell, t his advancement was made as Graham Bell was quite motivated by the providing education to the deaf (Keenan, 2001, p.51). Other advancements that came to the forefront were the introduction of machines used to increase productivity, vehicles used for transportation of mass quantity of resources, and the typewriter. These advancements led to the research and development of much sophisticated technologies. The people of the United States were divided and had a conflict with each other during the period of Reconstruction. The American citizens were focused on and were very concerned about the disastrous effects of the Civil and the political wars that were being experienced by the nation during that era. The difference of opinion among the citizens and the wish to learn new things resulted in higher desire for technological advancements. During this period, the citizens felt the need for technology that could help them in moving from one end to another and to communicate their views to others. These needs led to the development of railroads and telegram during the 19th century, railroads accomplished the need for traveling and telegram led to the accomplishment of the need for communication (Bowles, 2011, p.47). During the period of the 1900s technological advancements were slow in speed to happen as compared to the technological advancements experienced by the Americans today. Technological advancements have even aided the students of America in gaining diverse amount of information and learn things in a better manner. Before computers came into existence, people in America were restricted to their libraries and educators for information purpose. Today, American students use internet and online sources to obtain information and with the aid of this information they develop themselves and gain acceptability throughout the world in different organizations. Politicians and people representing political arena use the means of technology to gain popularity in order to get elected in the higher rankings of the political arena. These advancements are used by interest groups and political personalities to change the perception of the citizens of the citizens and to gain support for the enactment of new practices and regulations. The telegram has been replaced by digital technology such as the mobile phones. The digital technolo0gy has been used by the President Obama, he used email to obtain support for his plan of generating economic growth

How do children develop pragmatic and conversation skills and how Essay

How do children develop pragmatic and conversation skills and how might their communication be affected by a disability at this - Essay Example Moreover, it was also observed that children tend to speak differently to their fellow children compared to how they converse with older people. Therefore, pragmatics also became an important aspect in the researches. The above-mentioned studies will be discussed further in this paper including the fact that there are also instances wherein conversation and pragmatic skills are affected by cases of disorders. In the modern world, children with disabilities are increasing. Nevertheless, instead of treating them as invalid, more and more advocates are suggesting that these special people should be treated as normal people who are able to do things just like the others who have no disabilities. Therefore, it is most important to look further into these conditions and consider how their communication skills are affected in order for normal people to adjust to their conditions and understand them, instead of worsening their situations. II. Children Discourse Parents are known to be the fi rst teachers of their children because as expected, they are the very first ones to be dealing with the child at home. They may not often be aware of it, but they are teaching children conversational and pragmatic skills with the way they treat them. ... tion is a dynamic interaction that consists of a source, who has a purpose that is understandable to another person, and an encoder, who is able to understand the meaning of the message† (2003). For instance, when a person asks a child what his father’s name is, he should be able to tell his father’s name and not his own name. In this case, the source is the person asking the question whose purpose is to know the name of the child’s father and the child is known as the encoder. Such skill however, does not automatically occur, but is gained through constant communication with the child, identifying and explaining his relationships with the people and things around him as the child grasps the information. This supports the nature and nurture theories that sought to simplify understanding of how children develop communication skills. Nature theory suggests that â€Å"humans have an inborn mechanism in the brain for mastering language called Language Acquisit ion Device (LAD)† (Santrock, 1988; Santrock, 1995; Schement, 2002; Sigelman & Rider, 2006). This so-called device is the innate factor that enables a child to learn and adjust his language skills as he communicates with the people around him. This is basically what makes a child able to acquire understanding of words, their meanings and uses. Eventually, as the vocabulary of a child increases, he learns how to converse with other people, using the words he acquired in manner that he is understood. Moreover, the conversation skills of a child are improved as he adjusts his understanding of phonology or sound system, semantics or word meanings as well as syntax or form and structure of language through the help of the LAD as his experiences increase (Santrock, 1988; Santrock, 1995; Schement, 2002; Sigelman &

EU law (European Court of Justice) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EU law (European Court of Justice) - Case Study Example However, the ECJ in the Van Gend case laid down the conditions before EC law would be capable of direct effect, otherwise known as the Van Gend criteria. First, the provision or law must be "sufficiently clear and precise" before being capable of direct effect although it does not mean that the whole provision must comply such as for example in one case2 where it was held that even if only a part of Article 141 fulfilled this criterion, the same was directly effective. Second, a provision should be unconditional. If it conditional if the right provided depends in some way on the judgment and discretion of an independent body unless such discretion is subject to judicial conduct.3 Finally, the third Van Gend criterion is that the provision should not be subject to any further implanting measures on the part of either the EC or the national authority. The third criterion appears to be liberally applied as can be observed in one case4 where based on the wording of the Treaty, it had bee n anticipated that the EC would have to enact secondary legislation before the objectives contained in Article 43 would provide rights to individuals. However, the ECJ declared the provision to be directly effective ratiocinating that to do otherwise could result in individuals being denied their rights under EC law. In the given problem, it is clear that all the three conditions of the Van Gend criteria are present. First, the provision of the Directive in question is "sufficiently clear and precise" by Defrenne v Sabena standards. The Directive is clear that owners of animals may be compensated from a fund be set up for the purpose of compensating owners whose animals are slaughtered pursuant to the Directive. Second, the provision in the Directive is not conditional. The right to be compensated for animals being slaughtered is not dependent upon the judgment and discretion of an independent body. Finally, the third Van Gend criterion has been complied in the given problem because the Directive is not anymore subject to any further implanting measures on the part of either the EC or the national authority. Be that as it may, the third criterion had been liberally applied because to do otherwise would produce an anomalous result where individuals can be denied of their rights under the EC law. A corollary issue in the given problem is whether the Directive as such may be directly effective. A negative answer to the issue means that James and Neil are without any recourse under the Directive. Article 249 EC provides that: "A directive shall be binding, as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods." Directives are therefore not directly effective as directives require implementation into national law and as such, directives do not appear to provide rights to individuals until they are incorporated by way of national legislation although directives do place obligations upon member states. However, in another case,5 the ECJ ruled that a directive maybe given direct effect it imposes an obligation to achieve a required result. Furthermore,

Corporate Social Responsibility in International companies

Corporate Social Responsibility in International companies Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an aspect of business ethics that has assumed significant importance in the age of globalization and expanding markets. The morally-influenced attitudes of consumers in markets have forced many multinational corporations to redefine their definition of social values and rules of their business. There is an increasing realization that corporations are created by the society and that they must give back by serving the society and not merely by making profit from it. New age corporate leaders are replacing the business philosophy of maximization of profits with optimization of profits by shifting their business focus from accountability to shareholders to accountability to stakeholders (including employees, customers, communities, etc.). The growing focus on Corporate Social Responsibility mandates that these stakeholders have a right to expect accountability and transparency as well as social and environmental investment from corporations Ignoring Corporate Social Responsibility would mean endangering business success in the global marketplace. It is unlikely that a company can be ethical while not manifesting a high degree of social and environmental responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility and responsibility to the environment are themselves large and important issues for any company today. Corporate Social Responsibility and Shared Value Corporate Social responsibility as a concept and a part of the business model started evolving from 1960s and in the Indian context companies like TCS have been using their core competency to the benefit of communities. But as more and more businesses start paying lip service to CSR a need for a new model which would broaden their view was much needed. In an article by Michael E. Porter and Mark R. Kramer in the Harvard Business Review titled The Big Idea: Creating Shared Value, the authors comment on how companies are widely being perceived to be prospering at the expense of the broader community. They go on to say the more business has begun to embrace corporate responsibility, the more it has been blamed for societys failures. Business is caught in a vicious circle. Companies no longer have a broader view when it comes to value creation as they are focused more on short term profit gains. They have started ignoring the aspects which make them sustainable in the long term. Important issues like customer well being, conservation of natural resources and community well being are being overlooked which is leading to a negative perception in the minds of people. According to the authors of the article The solution to this problem lies in the principle of shared value, which involves creating economic value in a way that also creates value for society by addressing its needs and challenges. Businesses must reconnect company success with social progress. Shared value is not social responsibility, philanthropy, or even sustainability, but a new way to achieve economic success. It is not on the margin of what companies do but at the center. We believe that it can give rise to the next major transformation of business thinking CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY NATIONAL COMPANIES ITC ITC is well known for its CSR initiatives in India. Its e-Choupal program which was conceived by its agri-business division has helped farmers to come out of the vicious cycle of debt and risk and low productivity. It was launched in June 2000 and some of the achievements of this program are: Reach out to over 4 million farmers in over 40,000 villages across 10 states through 6500 kiosks. Choupal Pradarshan khet an initiative which provides Agri-extension services which provide the knowledge of the best agricultural practices to small and marginal farmers. This initiative covers over 70,000 hectares and 1.6 million farmers Watershed development schemes which cover 56,951 hectares which are brought under soil and moisture conservation. Primary education services to 252,329 children through 2,334 Supplementary Learning Centres. Their social and farm forestry efforts have brought 19,100 hectares of wasteland under social forestry helping more than 20,000 households across 525 villages. ITC also indirectly followed the shared value business as they linked their paperboards businesss wood fibre needs to the farmers need for income from their produce of the same. ITC claims it is taking conscious steps towards moving away from their Cigarette business and earning more revenues from their other business as many people were skeptical about ITCs CSR activities as they produce cigarettes and that is a major source of their revenues. Infosys Technologies Limited Infosys employees actively participate in the welfare of the local community. Their Development Centers in India make a difference through several Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Their employees organize and contribute to welfare programs, especially for underprivileged children. Infosys has pledged to make a difference to society by actively participating in community development. Their social contract inspires more than 100,000 employees to contribute to community welfare, environment sustainability and digital literacy. In 2009-10, Infosys organized several programs, enabling employees to give back to society: Volunteering:- A sabbatical policy encourages Infoscions to work for designated Indian Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) on community projects. Employees are paid an allowance by the company for up to a year. Infoscions actively support the mid-day meal program of the Akshaya Patra Foundation. It is the worlds largest NGO school meal program blending nutrition with education for more than one million children in rural areas across seven states in India, daily. Emergency aid:- In 2009, floods in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka caused widespread destruction of life and property. The Infosys Foundation and Infoscions donated 30 crore towards rehabilitation and reconstruction of homes. In 2010, Infosys Australia organized a fund-raiser to support Red Cross disaster relief efforts in the wake of earthquakes in Haiti and Chile. Infosys USA worked with Red Cross to provide Haitians with food and medical care. Digital empowerment:- Infosys initiates children into Information Technology at a young age through the SPARK program. In 2009-10, Infoscions touched the lives of more than 70,000 students across India by undertaking IT training and mentoring teachers of government-aided schools in rural areas. Shaping policies:- Members of the board of directors of Infosys serve on global councils and contribute to policy making in corporate governance, education, healthcare, diversity, and the environment. Infosys is partnering with state utilities in India to introduce voluntary green tariff, enabling consumers to offset the cost of renewable energy. Infosys hosted the Climate Roadmap Sub-National Workshop at Mysore, a platform to share best practices in environment sustainability. Promoting education and research:- Infosys is working with more than 400 engineering colleges in India to enhance their curriculum and enrich the talent pool through the Campus Connect program. The Infosys Science Foundation promotes research in pure and applied sciences with an annual prize of 50 lakh for Indian researchers. Tata Consultancy Services TCS has always recognized the responsibility Corporates should have towards the wider communities they operate in. Be it girl child education in South Asia in collaboration with UNICEF or adult literacy programs in South India, TCS believes in using IT as an instrument for social development and change. Other TCS community initiatives have been in areas addressing environmental and civic problems; setting up and maintaining infrastructure for urban beautification, pollution reduction and healthcare; waste management in the office environment, tree plantation and water treatment. Environment policy:- TCS provides a healthy work environment to all its employees, and conducts environment friendly business at all its offices. To achieve these goals, TCS has published this Environment Policy. In line with its continuous improvement process initiative, TCS will continuously enhance its environment policy, which encompasses air, water, natural resources, people and their interrelation. Employees:- TCS makes all its employees aware on how work practices affect the environment. For example, wasteful use of electricity or paper at work place depletes natural resources and adds to pollution caused by the generating/manufacturing units. Similarly safe work practices protect the environment by mitigating health risks and accidents. As members of the TATA family, and responsible citizens of the country, TCS employees should observe environment- friendly behaviour, both in and outside the work place. Management:- TCS management defines health, safety and environment goals and objectives, identifies roles and responsibilities for policy implementation, measures performance, and allocates necessary resources. It integrates resource planning with health, safety and environment concerns. Two-way communication is established with employees, clients and vendors to promote and share health, safety and environment initiatives. The Management will also initiate ISO 14001 certification for different locations in a phased manner. Work Place:- TCS managers review the work environment and suggest improvements in line with this policy. The policy initiates energy conservation, waste recycling, and paper reduction, in priority areas. The measures and initiatives emerging as a result of this policy get documented as processes. These processes ensure compliance with applicable health, safety, and environment regulations in all offices of TCS. WIPRO Apart from being Indias leading IT service company, Wipro has made a mark through their CSR activities. Making education a mission At Wipro, the commitment to education is driven by a mission to impart knowledge that helps the young develop holistic skills to address social, economic and environmental issues. Wipro perceives education as a fundamental enabler of sustainable social change. In this context, Wipro has undertaken educational initiatives that cover school reform and the curriculum. These include: Wipro Applying Thought in Schools Focused, long-term initiative in school reform Initiative based on the thought that every child must be given the opportunity to realize his/her potential Worked with over 10,500 educators in 1500 schools across 17 states in India Partnered over 30 social organizations in this endeavor Mission 10X A platform for the rapidly growing academic community of educators, learners and innovators Helps them impart education that enhances the employability skills of fresh engineering graduates in India Reached the first milestone and has empowered more than 10,000 faculty members across 20 states Azim Premji Foundation This is a not-for-profit organization with a vision to contribute to systemic changes in Indian education that facilitates a just, equitable, humane and sustainable society. Operational since 2001, the Foundation has engaged with over 2.5 million children in 20,000 schools across 13 States through a committed workforce of over 250 professionals and hundreds of paid volunteers. Eco Eye Wipros commitment to the ecology around is as strong as their every endeavour. Their believe is that the future lies in sustainable solutions that will never interfere with our environment, an integral part of our social initiatives. With the formation of Eco Eye, Wipro is now a business that incorporates better ecological balance in every project we execute. Dabur Dabur defines CSR as conducting business in ways that provide social, environmental economic benefits for the communities and geographies where it operates. The greatest value is in making a difference in lives of people. Daburs CSR initiatives are driven by Sustainable Development Society or SUNDESH, which aims to reach out to the weaker and more vulnerable sections of society. SUNDESH operates in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand addressing childrens literacy, improving healthcare services, skill development, and environment Healthcare: Providing diagnostic facilities like urine and pregnancy test, haemoglobin, blood sugar and Doppler test to the poor rural populace at nominal rates. Reducing infant and maternal mortality rates by promoting and motivating expecting mothers to go in for institutional deliveries. Holding eye care camps at its Health Post and in villages. Organizing workshops on prevention of female foeticide and sensitization to make the community aware about the importance of girl child and improve the girl-boy ratio in the region. An awareness drive on HIV/AIDS was undertaken with CARE India Trust and UP State AIDS Control Society to reduce Sexually Transmitted Infections/HIV transmission among high-risk migrants Education Literacy: The educational initiatives of SUNDESH for underprivileged children include non- formal education [6-14 years non-school going], special school for working children [8-13 years], remedial education [6-14 years school-going], besides holding classes for women. SUNDESH holds classes for underprivileged children between 6 and 14 years of age. After completing their basic education, these children, who have never had a chance to see a school from inside or are school dropouts, are then encouraged to get enrolled in formal schools. Income Generation Programmes: Capability enhancement programmes have been introduced offering vocational training in cutting tailoring, machine hand embroidery, bee keeping, mushroom farming, mehandi application and vermi-composting. Dabur has started the project on medicinal plants in Nepal to provide the modern technology for cultivation of the required medicinal herbs of Himalayas to the farmers. AIRCEL The pursuit of CSR can take some very strange turns as demonstrated by the Aircel campaign to save the tiger. Aircel is one of the biggest mobile phone providers in India.  In 2010, they launched the Save our Tiger campaign represented by a tiger cub called Stripey with whom the country promptly fell in love with. Prime time TV could barely be watched without Stripey and his Im abandoned, please save me eyes. Now abruptly, he has disappeared and taken his much talked about cuteness with him. Every TV-watching, net-savvy person in India now knows that only 1411 tigers exist in the wild. We know the company has tied up with WWF to give it some credibility. Some of us wonder if this is an attempt at a badly executed CSR effort. What seems specifically unclear to me remains the ultimate aim of the campaign. Was it started to: (a) create awareness? or (b) create the impression of corporate responsibility? or (c) give people the impression that Aircel is going to take a lead in saving the tiger?  Since Project Tiger,  which has been the most successful program in the 70s lost steam; tiger conservation in India has always had its lulls and rises. There has never been a concentrated effort to increase numbers by putting a check on poaching and habitat destruction. More importantly there has not been much transparency, advocacy or public involvement in the process. Every census releases varying numbers regarding tiger population does Aircel explain how the number 1411 was arrived at? Aircels attempt at gathering public sympathy for the fate of Indias national animal is admirable. The campaign regardless of whether it is CSR or not, is not strategically clever. It does really explain what the company itself is doing to save the tiger apart from throwing Stripey on the airwaves. The campaign would have infinitely more credibility if they could explain  why  it is really, truly important to save the tiger along with its habitat. Most unfortunately, the company does not galvanize on the campaign to further its image of CSR. The entire campaign looks like one quick brainstorm session resulting in the words tiger and save put together, how to publicize the issue with as much noise as possible and then abruptly stop. Conservation efforts are dependent on rate of biodiversity loss which is tied into economic losses. Stripey no matter how cute and how much celebrity support he garners, will not stir public sympathies for too long unless a holistic picture is provided. I hope someone from Aircel is reading this: more information is needed on their campaign objectives, overall picture of CSR   activities, how they plan on achieving these and where theyre getting their tiger numbers from for starters. Hindustan Latex Limited Hindustan Latex Limited, a public sector company established more than three decades ago, came to occupy a premier position in the countrys family planning and health care programs. Hindustan Latex Limited ventured into social sector projects aimed at creating a planned social change. It was with this objective that HLL formed the Hindustan Latex Family Planning Promotion Trust, a non-profit organization promoted by HLL, undertaking the conceptualization and implementation of various Social Sector Projects and broad based to focus on reproductive and sexual health. Distribution of social marketing brands of contraceptives through unemployed, educated and mobile rural youth, supported by a comprehensive local media based IEC programme, thereby contributing to the reduction of Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in the rural areas and Advancement of family health through the promotion of sanitary napkins and oral rehydration salts (ORS). Community based distribution of   Contraceptives project Bihar, Jharkhand and Orissa , Sukha Parivaram is a social marketing programme for the state of Andhra Pradesh and will make available a basket of social marketing goods such as condoms, oral contraceptive pills, iron and folic acid tablets (for pregnant women) and ORS. Mobile Health Clinic Project to ensure that the health services are able to reach the remote, inaccessible and underserved areas. In combination with reduced education levels this innovative approach will help to take the health infrastructure at the nearest village of the rural populace specially in those villages which are currently not served by any PHC and private clinics. Hinduja Foundation It is an important milestone which began with the philanthropic work of Paramanand Deepchand Hinduja (1901 1971), founder of the Hinduja Group. This legacy is carried forward under the aegis of the Hinduja Foundation which works in tandem with Hinduja Foundations established in the UK and the USA. Together they form an integral part of the Hinduja Group and strive to achieve their goals by creating socially responsible institutions; working jointly with other institutions of repute and by supporting deserving NGOs working for similar objectives. Drawing inspiration from the founder, the Hinduja Foundation believes that philanthropy, a sacred social responsibility of all enterprise, is worthier when it encourages self help and sets an example for the younger generations. Srichand P. Hinduja, Chairman of the Hinduja Group, leads the Foundation. Our aim, he says, is to build bridges between India and the world, between the past and the present, between generations that are and generations to come. The Foundations core objectives are: Healthcare Education Arts, Culture and Interfaith Understanding Social Welfare Sports CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES Coke Coca cola follows corporate social responsibility practices in the following areas Beverage Benefits, Active healthy living, Community, Energy Efficiency and climate Protection, Sustainable Packaging, Live Positively Program, Water Steward Ship. The following are the salient features of their CSR Activities. All these programs are collectively known as the Live Positively Program. Under their Beverage Benefits Program they plan to invest more than $50 million in research by 2015 and aim to have low and no calorie options and smaller portion sizes to be made available in communities where obesity is a significant problem. Their Active Healthy Living Program aims to support the Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation in reducing the total annual calories consumed in the U.S by 1.5 Trillion(by the end of 2015) By the end of 2015, Coke wants to ensure that it does not directly market their beverages to children less than 12 years of age following ethics in marketing. Through their Community Development Initiatives coke aims to form 1,300 to 2,000 new Micro Distribution Centers (MDCs) in Africa and by the end of 2020 empower 5 million businesswomen in their global business system. Cokes Energy Efficiency and Climate protection activities aim to Grow our business but not our system wide carbon emissions from our manufacturing operations through 2015, compared with a 2004 baseline. Through their sustainable packaging initiatives they plan to improve packaging material efficiency per liter of product sold by 7%, compared with a 2008 baseline. Through their water stewardship programs coke plans to return to nature and communities the water they use in their beverage production They also create diverse and healthy workplaces aligned with international human rights principles. Google Google developed a separate technological platform called google.org to use its core competency in the area of Information Technology to build products and advocate for policies that address global challenges. They have the following projects which fall under their CSR and philanthropic activities. Google Crisis Response Project aims at making critical information more accessible during the natural disasters and humanitarian crises. After the massive Earthquake in Japan they used this project to provide emergency information, maps and missing persons resources Googles Earth Engine enables the analysis of raw satellite imagery data and extraction of meaningful information about the worlds forests, such as locations and measurements of deforestation Googles RE Google Flu trends Project use Google search data to estimate flu activity. Google Power Meter Project, a free energy monitoring tool helps in saving energy and money. Using energy information provided by utility smart meters and energy monitoring devices, this software enables you to view ones home energy consumption from anywhere online. Googles Philanthropic efforts in the areas of Engineering Awards and Charitable Giving include supporting universities in their Academic research efforts and giving Google Scholarships which help students especially minorities and women with their Computer science and technology studies. They also gave out a $20 million donation in 2010 to charities from around the globe in order to help organizations who have been stretched thin by increasing requests for help at a time of lower donations. Nokia Nokia aims to lead in sustainability by taking it into account in everything they do. Over a billion people in the world use a Nokia phone, and Nokia employees are excited about the opportunities this provides for improving peoples livelihoods and encouraging them to embrace a more sustainable lifestyle. As a market leader, one of the best ways they can contribute to the global community is to conduct their business in a responsible way. They are committed to drive ethically sound policies and practices that guide us in their work. They have a long track record of taking sustainability into account in all their operations, products and services, but their also look beyond their own operations to use their scale for good. Put simply, sustainability is their way of doing business, and their corporate responsibility agenda is framed around the Nokia values of being very human, engaging everyone, innovation and achieving together. Mobile communications have played a big role in billions of peoples lives. Now that mobile devices are connecting us in many ways beyond calls, Nokia has been leading and encouraging innovation around how to harness this new connectivity to help people solve everyday challenges and connect them to what matters most. New, innovative mobile solutions hold tremendous potential for changing the way the society lives. Their impacts and commitment:- Maximising the benefits of mobile communication and minimising potentially negative effects requires commitment from governments, civil society, and the business sector. As a market leader with global operations they recognise that their potential impact, and therefore their responsibility, is great. From a social growth and economic development perspective, they acknowledge their impact and responsibilities throughout their value chain: in their sourcing, product design, manufacturing, logistics, recycling, communications, employee well-being, business partnerships, community involvement and social investments. Through their solutions they respond to various environmental and societal needs. Their overall response to their stakeholders is to produce high-quality, safe products and valuable services for a consumer offerings that has a positive influence on the society and the planet. Kelloggs Based on their heritage and business, Kelloggs chooses to focus on three major areas: Helping Children and Youth Reach their Potential   Improving Opportunities for Minorities and Women Strengthening Communities In 2005, Kelloggs contributed more than $8 million in cash and $20 million in product to various charitable organizations around the world.   Half of their corporate giving is based on what is important to the employees contributions that are part of Kellogg Care-their matching-grant program, and United Way. The food donations primarily are made through Americas Second Harvest, a nationwide network of food banks and food rescue organizations that feeds hungry children and families across the country.   Kelloggs employees make a difference in their local communities by volunteering and participating in wide-ranging charitable activities. Kellogg Company provides a dollar-for-dollar match of employee gifts to qualified educational, cultural and environmental organizations. Partners  and Partnerships : Kelloggs works with organizations and programs with proven results, improving lives around the country and throughout the world including United Way, Americas Second Harvest, and HOSTS   Learning   Help One Student to Succeed. Wellness and Nutrition: The Kellogg legacy is based on the philosophy that people can improve their health by eating a balanced diet and engaging in regular physical activity.   Living a healthy lifestyle begins with a good understanding of nutrition.   Kelloggs believes in providing high-quality, nutritious food and helping educate consumers about the benefits of a healthy diet. Ethics and compliance: Through their Global Code of Ethics, Kelloggs employees understand that: They are firmly committed to the fair and equitable treatment of all our employees and job applicants. Customers and consumers expect more from Kellogg Company and it is every employees job to make sure Kellogg meets their expectations. Investors count on Kellogg to deliver on its commitments, provide accurate information about its affiliates and to make responsible business decisions based on reliable records. Kellogg believes in doing business with suppliers, contractors, joint venture partners, agents, sales representatives, distributors and consultants who embrace and demonstrate high standards of ethical behavior. They actively seek opportunities to contribute to the communities in which we do business, and to improve the environment that sustains us all. Diversity and Inclusion: At Kellogg Company, Individuals are valued for their diverse backgrounds, experiences, styles, approaches and ideas.They actively promote diversity in work force.  This diversity inspires the innovation that drives business and helps enhance competitive advantage Workplace Health and Safety: Employee safety is a value at Kellogg.  Ã‚  They are committed to providing a safe and healthy work environment and preventing accidents.   Employees are accountable for observing the safety and health rules and practices that apply to their jobs and are expected to take precautions necessary to protect them and their co-workers, including immediately reporting accidents, injuries and unsafe practices or conditions.   Kellogg and the Environment: Promoting and maintaining environmentally responsible practices is beneficial for everyone   our customers, consumers, employees and the communities in which they operate. Kellogg Company conducts business in ways that protect the environment and demonstrate good stewardship of our worlds natural resources.   They work closely and cooperatively with local communities, suppliers and contractors, government agencies, and other organizations engaged in improving the environment.  Their current focus is on energy use.   While a 10% reduction in the energy used to produce the products has been seen since 1997, the goal is to continue this reduction. The Kelloggs environmental audit program includes periodic and complete evaluations of all our manufacturing practices. Almost all Kellogg cereal cartons are made of 100% recycled fiber, with at least 35% post-consumer material. Citigroup The Public Affairs Committee of Citis Board of Directors oversees overall Citizenship priorities and performance. Its businesses, supported by Director of Corporate Citizenship, implement Citizenship policies and commitments through their daily work. Internal teams specializing in topics such as the environment, public policy, diversity, financial education, community relations and human rights support the businesses. Citi Foundation: The Citi Foundation is committed to the economic empowerment of individuals and families, particularly those in need, in the communities where we work so they can improve their standard of living. It provides grant support for programs aligned with the Citi Foundations five strategic funding areas: Microfinance and Microenterprise, Small and Growing Businesses, Financial Capability and Asset Building, College and Careers and Neighborhood Revitalization The key stakeholders include investors, employees, customers, vendors, suppliers, communities, regulators, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and peer institutions in networks such as the Equator Principles and Carbon Principles. It seeks to engage regularly with both individual stakeholders and institutions to share information, listen to stakeholders ideas and concerns and, where possible, refine its policies and practices in response. The Citi Code of Conduct outlines the laws, rules, regulations and Citi policies that govern its activities and sets companywide standards of

The Road to Happiness - Original Writing :: Happiness Essays

My name is Bob Thomas. My life has been one hell of a roller coaster, with enough ups and downs to make anyone nauseas. I guess I shouldn’t complain, because that is a common lifestyle for most people. It all started when I was a teenager and it is a familiar fact that every teenager has their fair amount of rows, with there parents. However, one argument was just one to many for me. It was actually quite pathetic; I look back and laugh at what I was arguing about. This sounds silly but I was quarrelling, with my mum, on whether I could wear my suede boots to school. It all ended up with me storming out of the door saying that I was deprived of my freedom and opinion. I could remember hearing my dad in the background, shouting at the top of his lungs, that I shouldn’t dare step foot out of the house. But I did. I was confused and angry, so I just wanted to be as far away from home as possible. Using the money I had on me, I took a train to London without even realizing or noticing how dim-witted I was being. At that point all I wanted to see was that lousy excuse for a mother, dead. The area I picked in London was an awful mistake. I was living on the streets with no money, no job, nothing. And to add to that, these unpleasant people would come up to me and stare. And then there were the occasional perverts hanging around, but I kept myself hidden when I saw them lurking about. I tried to make life work, by scavenging for anything I could get my hands on. I couldn’t think of asking my parents for help, it was just out of the question. I had been gone to long, I could imagine the angry looks on their faces, describing the pain I had put them through. What if they didn’t even want me back? They seemed quite content with my sister. They had probably forgotten

Neolithic Vs Paleolithic

Life changed dramatically between the Paleolithic and Neolithic times. Paleolithic is the early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2. 5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used. The Paleolithic Period was also called the Old Stone Age. Neolithic is the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed. The Neolithic Period was also called the New Stone Age. The Neolithic Revolution was the world's first traditionally, provable revolution in agriculture.It involved the wide-scale change of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to agriculture as well as settlement, which supported larger population. Important events significantly changed the way of life between Paleolithic and Neolithic times. Although life changed dramatically between these two times there are still some similarities and differences amongst them. Paleolithic and Neolithic times have a lot of things in common. Both of these times were dependent on natural resources. In Paleolithic times they moved with food supply.In Neolithic times they used need water and good soil for crops. Paleolithic and Neolithic both had a government. In Paleolithic times the males ruled the families. In Neolithic times there was a Chief with council. Both of Paleolithic and Neolithic times had a religion. They had religions, which meant they believe in life after death. Socially in both time period’s men hunted and farmed and women gathered. Neolithic and Paleolithic periods had technology. For Paleolithic they used stone tools, and in Neolithic they had farming, baking and firing pottery, specialized tools, and bronze tools and weapons.Both Paleolithic and Neolithic evolved. As found in Document 2 during Paleolithic times the Ice Age forced man to move and change. Mankind was forced to depend less on plants and animals. In Neolithic they farmed allowing them to settle in one place, which gave them time to develop settlements and new trades. Also both of these periods had accomplishments. In the Paleolithic Age they developed language, controlled fire and made and used tools. In the Neolithic Age they accomplished making the wheel, and farming.Although there are many similarities between Paleolithic and Neolithic times there are still several difference between them as well. One difference is that Paleolithic is the Old Stone Age and Neolithic the new Stone Age. Another difference that is found in Document 1, was that Paleolithic tools were used for hunting; they were heavy and basic whereas, Neolithic tools were used for clearing land and farming; they where sharper, lighter, more variety, and polished. The main difference between these â€Å"tool kits† is the purpose they were used for.Paleolithic man was a nomad, food gatherer, and a hunter. Neolithic men settled as found in Document 3. The people were agriculturist, who domesticate animals, and grew a variety of crops. The houses of Paleolithic ma n were skin tents or caves. The houses of Neolithic man were made of mud, wood and thatch. The Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages also have differences in the form of artwork. As found in the Document 4 the Paleolithic Age they had cave paintings showing the hunting of a larger animal and the danger of hunting. As found in Document 5 the Neolithic Age they domesticated plants and animals.In the Paleolithic Era, plants were used for medicines and food. Animals were used for hunting. However, in the Neolithic Era, plants were used for food in the New Stone Age, however, the difference was that plants were grown on farms. Animals were used for domestication as well as other purposes. Document 5 also displays another difference between the Paleolithic Era and Neolithic Era. Their artworks are very different from one another. In the Paleolithic Era they had paintings of cows, and they had small portable art. Their art is also represented by cave wall drawings.In the Neolithic Era they had me galiths and 3-D art. They were represented by structures and sculptures. These different artworks show change between Paleolithic and Neolithic times. The Neolithic Era was more advanced because based on their artwork it seemed they were harder to build, more complex and took more time. The diets of these two periods were also different. The Paleolithic man consisted of meat, fruits, berries and wild grain. Neolithic man had dairy products like milk, cheese, meat and grains like wheat, barley and rice.The clothing for Paleolithic man was made of animal skins and leaves, while Neolithic man made clothes of cotton wool. In the Paleolithic age there was no specialized occupation. As found in Document 3, in Neolithic age there was division of labor, and some specialization occupations so that that there was more variation of crafts like carpentry, weaving and pottery. In Document 6 it shows that the Neolithic architecture was different then Paleolithic architecture because the Neolithic architecture had settlements and villages while the Paleolithic architecture did not.Finally due to the invention of agriculture, farming and the wheel in the New Stone Age there where many revolutionary changes and progress that came upon man’s life, which was nonexistent in the Old Stone Age. In both Paleolithic and Neolithic times there were many events that helped change their way of life. If it weren’t for those events, today would not have been the same. For example the Paleolithic people invented fire. The fire helped the Paleolithic people move into colder regions, protected them animals, and helped them with their cook their food.The Neolithic people invented weaving, pottery, metalworking, and the wheel. They also discovered agriculture. Because of agriculture people can now farm instead of hunting and gathering. This permitted and allowed people to settle down and live in one place, which led to settlements. Because people settled they now lived closer to o ther, this allowed them to start using communication. This later developed into language. Also past experiences have led up to the structure of the Neolithic house. For example in Document 6, it says how discarded items, such as bits of pottery, were pilled around each house.This was to keep harsh North Sea winds from blowing through the stonewall through small gaps. This is an example of experience. Document 2 shows how the Ice Age changed the way of living, especially hunting. Because of the Ice Age it forced man to depend less on plants and more on animals. This event caused man to make adaptations to survive. All in all important events significantly changed the way of life between Paleolithic and Neolithic times. Even though these two time periods were very far apart and had a dramatic change in life these two times still have similarities and differences amongst them.There were similarities in government, religion, social, technology, and evolution. There were differences in a rchitecture, diets, artwork, tools, dwellings, clothes and lifestyle. The events in the Paleolithic Era led up to the Neolithic Revolution. The Neolithic Revolution was the transformation that reformed people from being hunter gathers into being farmers. Because of the Neolithic Revolution, our world is the way it is. Both Eras had different drives and commitments to strive, but at the end of the day they’re foremost objective and aim was to survive. Neolithic Vs Paleolithic Life changed dramatically between the Paleolithic and Neolithic times. Paleolithic is the early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2. 5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used. The Paleolithic Period was also called the Old Stone Age. Neolithic is the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed. The Neolithic Period was also called the New Stone Age. The Neolithic Revolution was the world's first traditionally, provable revolution in agriculture.It involved the wide-scale change of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to agriculture as well as settlement, which supported larger population. Important events significantly changed the way of life between Paleolithic and Neolithic times. Although life changed dramatically between these two times there are still some similarities and differences amongst them. Paleolithic and Neolithic times have a lot of things in common. Both of these times were dependent on natural resources. In Paleolithic times they moved with food supply.In Neolithic times they used need water and good soil for crops. Paleolithic and Neolithic both had a government. In Paleolithic times the males ruled the families. In Neolithic times there was a Chief with council. Both of Paleolithic and Neolithic times had a religion. They had religions, which meant they believe in life after death. Socially in both time period’s men hunted and farmed and women gathered. Neolithic and Paleolithic periods had technology. For Paleolithic they used stone tools, and in Neolithic they had farming, baking and firing pottery, specialized tools, and bronze tools and weapons.Both Paleolithic and Neolithic evolved. As found in Document 2 during Paleolithic times the Ice Age forced man to move and change. Mankind was forced to depend less on plants and animals. In Neolithic they farmed allowing them to settle in one place, which gave them time to develop settlements and new trades. Also both of these periods had accomplishments. In the Paleolithic Age they developed language, controlled fire and made and used tools. In the Neolithic Age they accomplished making the wheel, and farming.Although there are many similarities between Paleolithic and Neolithic times there are still several difference between them as well. One difference is that Paleolithic is the Old Stone Age and Neolithic the new Stone Age. Another difference that is found in Document 1, was that Paleolithic tools were used for hunting; they were heavy and basic whereas, Neolithic tools were used for clearing land and farming; they where sharper, lighter, more variety, and polished. The main difference between these â€Å"tool kits† is the purpose they were used for.Paleolithic man was a nomad, food gatherer, and a hunter. Neolithic men settled as found in Document 3. The people were agriculturist, who domesticate animals, and grew a variety of crops. The houses of Paleolithic ma n were skin tents or caves. The houses of Neolithic man were made of mud, wood and thatch. The Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages also have differences in the form of artwork. As found in the Document 4 the Paleolithic Age they had cave paintings showing the hunting of a larger animal and the danger of hunting. As found in Document 5 the Neolithic Age they domesticated plants and animals.In the Paleolithic Era, plants were used for medicines and food. Animals were used for hunting. However, in the Neolithic Era, plants were used for food in the New Stone Age, however, the difference was that plants were grown on farms. Animals were used for domestication as well as other purposes. Document 5 also displays another difference between the Paleolithic Era and Neolithic Era. Their artworks are very different from one another. In the Paleolithic Era they had paintings of cows, and they had small portable art. Their art is also represented by cave wall drawings.In the Neolithic Era they had me galiths and 3-D art. They were represented by structures and sculptures. These different artworks show change between Paleolithic and Neolithic times. The Neolithic Era was more advanced because based on their artwork it seemed they were harder to build, more complex and took more time. The diets of these two periods were also different. The Paleolithic man consisted of meat, fruits, berries and wild grain. Neolithic man had dairy products like milk, cheese, meat and grains like wheat, barley and rice.The clothing for Paleolithic man was made of animal skins and leaves, while Neolithic man made clothes of cotton wool. In the Paleolithic age there was no specialized occupation. As found in Document 3, in Neolithic age there was division of labor, and some specialization occupations so that that there was more variation of crafts like carpentry, weaving and pottery. In Document 6 it shows that the Neolithic architecture was different then Paleolithic architecture because the Neolithic architecture had settlements and villages while the Paleolithic architecture did not.Finally due to the invention of agriculture, farming and the wheel in the New Stone Age there where many revolutionary changes and progress that came upon man’s life, which was nonexistent in the Old Stone Age. In both Paleolithic and Neolithic times there were many events that helped change their way of life. If it weren’t for those events, today would not have been the same. For example the Paleolithic people invented fire. The fire helped the Paleolithic people move into colder regions, protected them animals, and helped them with their cook their food.The Neolithic people invented weaving, pottery, metalworking, and the wheel. They also discovered agriculture. Because of agriculture people can now farm instead of hunting and gathering. This permitted and allowed people to settle down and live in one place, which led to settlements. Because people settled they now lived closer to o ther, this allowed them to start using communication. This later developed into language. Also past experiences have led up to the structure of the Neolithic house. For example in Document 6, it says how discarded items, such as bits of pottery, were pilled around each house.This was to keep harsh North Sea winds from blowing through the stonewall through small gaps. This is an example of experience. Document 2 shows how the Ice Age changed the way of living, especially hunting. Because of the Ice Age it forced man to depend less on plants and more on animals. This event caused man to make adaptations to survive. All in all important events significantly changed the way of life between Paleolithic and Neolithic times. Even though these two time periods were very far apart and had a dramatic change in life these two times still have similarities and differences amongst them.There were similarities in government, religion, social, technology, and evolution. There were differences in a rchitecture, diets, artwork, tools, dwellings, clothes and lifestyle. The events in the Paleolithic Era led up to the Neolithic Revolution. The Neolithic Revolution was the transformation that reformed people from being hunter gathers into being farmers. Because of the Neolithic Revolution, our world is the way it is. Both Eras had different drives and commitments to strive, but at the end of the day they’re foremost objective and aim was to survive.

buy custom The Tempe PD Network Implementation essay

buy custom The Tempe PD Network Implementation essay Community policing has always been a core operational fabric of the Temple Police Department. The focus was to ensure that the police and the community work together to define and develop solutions to crime and quality-of-life problems. Social order in the community is primarily the outcome of informal social processes rather than the result of formal social control mechanisms such as police activity. It is thus important to stimulate citizen participation in crime participation and problem-solving activities in the community. As Tempe is situated in a strong technological environment, the use of Information System by the police department to enhance community policing is of prevalence. Since the implementation of the philosophy in 1988, residents of Tempe have expected an innovative action from the police department. Officers who are working at a specified beats need to develop an inherent problem-solving goals with their immediate supervisors. To effectively achieve this phenomenon , the officers are to be deployed in their respective beats for a minimum period of one year. As such, some of the lessons that have been learned from Tempe Police Departments Network implementation include problem solving process, centralization of IT systems, implementation of crime analysis Unit, and effective operation analysis. Centralization At one time, technology was decentralized but ever since the cost and complexity of technology increased, the city centralized all IT systems including that of the police department into one city Information Technology Division (ITD) (Webb et al., 1999). It was a positive move in the police force structure, however, some of the communications staff and patrol commanders were unwilling to hand over the control of IT to the centralized IT systems management. Financially, the city was able to coordinate IT effectively, as they could be able to better integrate the systems and, through the economies of scale, buy in bulk some of the IT components. In order to prompt the activities of the police department, the city assigned ITD business analyst to the department to advocate and liaison for activities in the sector. Centralization of the IT systems has enhanced the police department to successfully plan information technology acquisitions in order to support community policing in Tempe re gion. The decision of absorbing the four police positions and the accompanying responsibilities in order to pave way for the condensed or centralized organization is linked to the view that police officers will fare well in most of the decision making processes and procedures. The integration of IT across the city departments ensured that standardized Oracle database is achieved for all mid-to large size databases which are then managed by ITD (Buren, 2007). Centralization of IT system is not seen as self-serving but rather communal serving. The reorganization ensured that Criminal Justice Operations Committee an Criminal Justice Automation Committee were merged. Indeed, centralization enhanced knowledgeable service administrators to handle the IT decisions rather than the less-qualified police employees. Effective Operations analysis The Workload Committee has been established by Tempe Police Department to oversee and analyze the administrative and operational data so as to enhance resource allocation planning. The Staff Wizard software program is used by the department to enhance data analysis for easy development of schedules for beta officer staffing. It uses a variety of data including calls for service, average response for calls having wide priorities, and miles patrolled to provide an approximate best schedule for officers (Webb et al., 1999). The software ensures that officers deployment decision is well shaped. In some instances, the software uses Calls-for-service (CFS) data and other operations and administrative data to generate draft schedules that can be coherently reviewed by the supervisors, and make informed decisions and recommendations where there is need for schedule adjustment to the command staff. Tempe articulated to this Staff Wizard and Corona systems worked effectively with the departmen t in order to test, modify, and refine the software. The established Staff Wizard has ensured that the crime trends that are prepared by the crime analysis unit represent a form of scanning, albeit somewhat informal. As the crime analysis develops a very large quantity of useful information, systematic scanning is not use by the management in developing a decisive implementation. The departments coordinated efforts with the city agencies, such as the planning and development and traffic engineering, also involve it in the limited scanning processes. Implementation of Crime analysis unit The Tempe Police Department Crime Analysis Unit is a good example of how crime analysis can use CFS data and make it useful to beat officers. As such, much of the responsibility for using police information systems in supporting Community policing rests with Crime Analysis Unit. The unit undertakes analyses that aim at identifying crime trends, which are relative to small geographic areas. Trends are always considered the beginning of crime hot spots. Contrary to this, trend also provides information on suspects and crime characteristics (Kappeler, 2009). Ideally, the staff performs three types of analysisstrategic, administrative, and tactical. The unit provides police information to citizens of Tempe either through individual request or the Tempe Police website. The projects that were initiated successfully by Crime Analysis Unit are the monthly reports on police activity and crime, an ongoing series of tactical crime trend reports, and monthly and annual reports on crime and calls -for-service by specified land uses. Under the information systems that are imminent in the Crime Analysis Unit, the use of Computer-aided dispatch (CAD) has been implemented positively. The system uses the Publlic Safety Systems Incorporated (PSSI) designed and supported software. Indeed, the unit also produces a number of maps that can be accessed by citizens on the Tempe Police Department website. These include monthly Part I crime hot spot maps and the beat maps. Maps are aimed at determining the reporting district location of their own address based on the information available in the system. In conducting an annual survey on citizen and preparing a report that summarizes the survey findings, the crime analysis unit is quite effective. The site is elaborates and contains various categories of information ranging from sex offender to crime prevention database. As such, the Tempe Crime Analysis Unit is most importantly a key component in forging a community interface with residents. Development of CAD-based system for the documentation of officer time spent on solving a problem is clearly inclined and permits automated level-of-effort data aggregation and summarization. Indeed, the vital objective is to quantify such activities so as to incorporate it into performance reviews and strategic management decisions that are related to department resource allocation (Webb et al., 1999). The department is able to evaluate the performance of each officer on both traditional and Community-Oriented policing activities. As such, under the Additional Work Group section of Performance Evaluation where the officers are evaluated on proactive problem solving, team project participation, and beat ownership. In addition, solicitation of citizens input is done through variety of methods with the help of community policing. Tempe is organized into various beats that enhances dissemination of information from the central core unit. Beat officers seem to be well aware of the require ments for beat problem-solving projects, and officers and line supervisors appear to develop intimate understanding of the neighborhood encompassed in their beat. Conclusion Fighting crime needs an effective way of disseminating information this is achieved through community policing strategy and networking. Tempe Police department have spearheaded in undertaking this implementation in the police department and it has achieved immensely from the operations. Centralization of IT systems has been done under one unit and this has enhanced the control and management of the police activities. It has ensured that decision making process does not conflict among the police departments. In addition, Effective Operations analyses have been undertaken prior to the establishment of Tempe Police Department that oversee and analyze the administrative and operational data so as to enhance resource allocation planning. Implementation of Crime analysis unit that uses CFS data and making it useful to beat officers has been achieved in the city. As such, much of the responsibility for using police information systems in supporting Community policing rests with Crime Analys is Unit. It is clear that articulation to the Tempe Police Departments Network implementation will enhance community-oriented policing. Buy custom The Tempe PD Network Implementation essay